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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020In the past decade, research focusing on the gut microbiota has attracted a growing number of scientists. We increasingly realize that the gut microbiota plays a key...
In the past decade, research focusing on the gut microbiota has attracted a growing number of scientists. We increasingly realize that the gut microbiota plays a key role in both maintaining host homeostasis and affecting the progression of multiple diseases, which means that the microorganisms living in the intestines would not only influence the gastrointestinal tract but also impact other important organs such as the liver, brain, kidney, and lung. The underlying modulatory mechanism is complicated; however, we can expand the existing insight on the development of organ damage pathogenesis and discover novel therapeutic targets for organ injury-related diseases by investigating this "hot-topic". In this chapter, we will present a broad overview of the gut microbiota and organ injury, as well as the latest research achievements regarding the linkage between them.
Topics: Brain Diseases; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 32323176
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_1 -
European Journal of Haematology Dec 2018Aplastic anemia (AA) is rare disorder of bone marrow failure which if severe and not appropriately treated is highly fatal. AA is characterized by morphologic marrow... (Review)
Review
Aplastic anemia (AA) is rare disorder of bone marrow failure which if severe and not appropriately treated is highly fatal. AA is characterized by morphologic marrow features, namely hypocellularity, and resultant peripheral cytopenias. The molecular pathogenesis of AA is not fully understood, and a uniform process may not be the culprit across all cases. An antigen-driven and likely autoimmune dysregulated T-cell homeostasis is implicated in the hematopoietic stem cell injury which ultimately founds the pathologic features of the disease. Defective telomerase function and repair may also play a role in some cases as evidenced by recurring mutations in related telomerase complex genes such as TERT and TERC. In addition, recurring mutations in BCOR/BCORL, PIGA, DNMT3A, and ASXL1 as well as cytogenetic abnormalities, namely monosomy 7, trisomy 8, and uniparental disomy of the 6p arm seem to be intimately related to AA pathogenesis. The increased incidence of late clonal disease has also provided clues to accurately describe plausible predispositions to the development of AA. The emergence of newer genomic sequencing and other techniques is incrementally improving the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of AA, the detection of the disease, and ultimately offers the potential to improve patient outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the current understanding of the immunobiology, molecular pathogenesis, and future directions of such for AA.
Topics: Anemia, Aplastic; Animals; Apoptosis; Bone Marrow; Chromosome Aberrations; Clonal Evolution; Disease Susceptibility; Hematopoiesis; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Mutation; Telomere; Telomere Homeostasis; Thrombopoietin
PubMed: 30055055
DOI: 10.1111/ejh.13153 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2020Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive systemic muscle loss and decreased function. The loss of systemic muscle mass and decreased function after stroke... (Review)
Review
Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive systemic muscle loss and decreased function. The loss of systemic muscle mass and decreased function after stroke can't be explained by brain injury alone, and it is considered to be a kind of secondary sarcopenia, which is called stroke-related sarcopenia. More and more evidence shows that stroke-related sarcopenia can promote the occurrence and development of sarcopenia through a variety of pathogenesis, such as immobilization, impaired feeding, sympathetic activation, inflammation and denervation. Post-stroke disability brings difficulties to the screening and diagnosis of sarcopenia. Simple and easy rehabilitation scores and clinical tests can be used for the determination of body function under specific conditions of stroke, as well as for the screening stroke-related sarcopenia. At present, there is still no particularly effective way to stop its progress,however, the combination of rehabilitation exercise, nutrition supply and drugs may delay or even prevent the development of stroke-related sarcopenia. This article reviews the latest progress in the pathogenesis, screening, evaluation and treatment of stroke-related sarcopenia to provide reference for clinical treatment and rehabilitation of stroke.
Topics: Humans; Motor Neurons; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutritional Support; Sarcopenia; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 32920517
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110721 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Endometriosis is a complex and heterogeneous disease affecting approximately 10% of reproductive age women. The hypothesis that alterations in the microbiota are... (Review)
Review
Endometriosis is a complex and heterogeneous disease affecting approximately 10% of reproductive age women. The hypothesis that alterations in the microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis has been postulated. Possible explanations for the implications of dysbiosis in endometriosis include the Bacterial Contamination hypothesis and immune activation, cytokine-impaired gut function, altered estrogen metabolism and signaling. Thus, dysbiosis, disrupt normal immune function, leading to the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, compromised immunosurveillance and altered immune cell profiles, all of which may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the available literature data about the relationship between microbiota and endometriosis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Endometriosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Dysbiosis; Microbiota; Reproduction
PubMed: 36891056
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1140774 -
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Pathogenesis and Treatment.American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Aug 2018Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a reactive hypermelanosis that develops following cutaneous inflammation. Common causes of PIH include intrinsic skin... (Review)
Review
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a reactive hypermelanosis that develops following cutaneous inflammation. Common causes of PIH include intrinsic skin conditions (e.g., acne and eczema) as well as external insults to the skin, such as burn injuries and dermatologic procedures. PIH more commonly occurs in individuals with darker skin, for whom it is often a source of significant psychological distress. Several therapeutic modalities are available for the treatment of PIH, including topical agents, chemical peels, and energy-based devices. We review the epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathogenesis, and treatment of PIH.
Topics: Dermatitis; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Laser Therapy
PubMed: 29222629
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0333-6 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Various theories for the hormonal basis of diabetes have been proposed and debated over the past few decades. Insulin insufficiency was previously regarded as the only... (Review)
Review
Various theories for the hormonal basis of diabetes have been proposed and debated over the past few decades. Insulin insufficiency was previously regarded as the only hormone deficiency directly leading to metabolic disorders associated with diabetes. Although glucagon and its receptor are ignored in this framework, an increasing number of studies have shown that they play essential roles in the development and progression of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of glucagon are still not clear. In this review, recent research on the mechanisms by which glucagon and its receptor contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as correlations between mutation rates in populations and the occurrence of diabetes are summarized. Furthermore, we summarize how recent research clearly establishes glucagon as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Glucagon; Humans; Insulin; Receptors, Glucagon
PubMed: 35784565
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.928016 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Apr 2021COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence their pathogenesis. COVID-19 is containing single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid comprised of matrix protein. A typical CoV contains at least six ORFs in its genome. All the structural and accessory proteins are translated from the sgRNAs of CoVs. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3'-terminus. The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Betacoronaviruses.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Pandemics; Phenotype; Phylogeny; SARS-CoV-2; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32265180
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022 -
Foot and Ankle Surgery : Official... Sep 2014Achilles tendinopathy is a degenerative, not an inflammatory, condition. It is prevalent in athletes involved in running sports. A systematic literature review on... (Review)
Review
Achilles tendinopathy is a degenerative, not an inflammatory, condition. It is prevalent in athletes involved in running sports. A systematic literature review on Achilles tendon tendinopathy has been performed according to the intrinsic (age, sex, body weight, tendon temperature, systemic diseases, muscle strength, flexibility, previous injuries and anatomical variants, genetic predisposition and blood supply) and extrinsic risk factors (drugs and overuse), which can cause tendon suffering and degeneration. Different theories have been found: Neurogenic, Angiogenic, Impingement and "Iceberg" Hypotheses. Multiple databases were utilized for articles published between 1964 and 2013. The different hypothesis were analyzed, differently considering those concerning the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and those concerning the etiology of complaints in patients. This review of the literature demonstrates the heterogeneity of Achilles tendinopathy pathogenesis. Various risk factors have been identified and have shown an interaction between them such as genes, age, circulating and local cytokine production, sex, biomechanics and body composition.
Topics: Achilles Tendon; Humans; Risk Factors; Tendinopathy
PubMed: 25103700
DOI: 10.1016/j.fas.2014.02.010 -
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice Aug 2014It is recognized that a chronic low-grade inflammation and an activation of the immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance and... (Review)
Review
It is recognized that a chronic low-grade inflammation and an activation of the immune system are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Systemic inflammatory markers are risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes and its macrovascular complications. Adipose tissue, liver, muscle and pancreas are themselves sites of inflammation in presence of obesity. An infiltration of macrophages and other immune cells is observed in these tissues associated with a cell population shift from an anti-inflammatory to a pro-inflammatory profile. These cells are crucial for the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which act in an autocrine and paracrine manner to interfere with insulin signaling in peripheral tissues or induce β-cell dysfunction and subsequent insulin deficiency. Particularly, the pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes through the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The objectives of this review are to expose recent data supporting the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and to examine various mechanisms underlying this relationship. If type 2 diabetes is an inflammatory disease, anti-inflammatory therapies could have a place in prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Syndrome; Obesity; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24798950
DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.04.006 -
Annales D'endocrinologie Jun 2018Autoimmunity against the adrenal cortex is the leading cause of Addison's disease in industrialized countries, with prevalence estimates ranging from 93-220 per million... (Review)
Review
Autoimmunity against the adrenal cortex is the leading cause of Addison's disease in industrialized countries, with prevalence estimates ranging from 93-220 per million in Europe. The immune-mediated attack on adrenocortical cells cripples their ability to synthesize vital steroid hormones and necessitates life-long hormone replacement therapy. The autoimmune disease etiology is multifactorial involving variants in immune genes and environmental factors. Recently, we have come to appreciate that the adrenocortical cell itself is an active player in the autoimmune process. Here we summarize the complex interplay between the immune system and the adrenal cortex and highlight unanswered questions and gaps in our current understanding of the disease.
Topics: Addison Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Autoimmunity; Europe; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans
PubMed: 29631795
DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.03.008