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B-ENT 2016Post-injury smell disorders. (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Post-injury smell disorders.
PROBLEMS/OBJECTIVES
Head trauma is the third most common aetioiogy of post-traumatic olfactory loss (PTOL). This literature review aims to report the existing knowledge surrounding this issue, exploring the current understanding of the inducing pathogenesis and the assessment and management standards from the early phases to longer-term considerations.
METHODOLOGY
Literature search and appraisal in PubMed on the following themes directly associated with PTOL: olfactory disorders, trauma, pathogenesis, examination, recovery and treatment.
RESULTS
Scientific evidence was mainly available for epidemiology and exploration tools in cases suffering from PTOL. The current research into obj6ctive batteries of olfactory tests is promising.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper highlights the importance of an adequate assessment of PTOL for an early start in olfactory training.
Topics: Craniocerebral Trauma; Disability Evaluation; Humans; Olfaction Disorders; Olfactory Pathways; Otolaryngology; Workers' Compensation
PubMed: 29558575
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Oct 2020
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Fishes; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 33463777
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13331 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2024Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is a disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by usually systemic, cystic dilatation of the excretory ducts of... (Review)
Review
Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is a disease of unknown pathogenesis characterized by usually systemic, cystic dilatation of the excretory ducts of esophageal submucosal glands. In this article, I review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, esophagographic findings, and histopathology of EIPD. I also discuss the etiology and possible pathogenesis of EIPD based on my experiences with this disease and a review of the literature. EIPD usually presents with dysphagia in middle-aged individuals. It is often complicated with secondary infections, most commonly candidiasis. On esophagography, EIPD is delineated as small, multiple, flask-shaped outward projections within the esophageal wall. In recent years, EIPD has been mainly diagnosed by endoscopic findings of multiple, localized, small mucosal depressions. The orifices of the "pseudodiverticula" periodically open and close, and excrete mucus onto the mucosal surface. On histopathological examination, the luminal surface of dilated ducts in EIPD is covered by multilayered, hyperplastic epithelial cells, but myoepithelial cells in the glandular acini are well preserved. Treatment of EIPD is usually symptomatic therapy, and prevention of the infectious complications is important. The etiology and pathogenesis of EIPD are largely unknown, but functional abnormalities of autonomic nerve fibers innervating the esophageal glands likely play an important role, since the structures of the glands are basically preserved in this disease.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Diverticulum, Esophageal; Deglutition Disorders; Diverticulum; Mucous Membrane; Esophageal Stenosis
PubMed: 38312118
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i2.137 -
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... Aug 2019The airways are under continuous assault from aerosolized bacteria and oral flora. The bacteria present in the airways and gastrointestinal tract of neonates promote... (Review)
Review
The airways are under continuous assault from aerosolized bacteria and oral flora. The bacteria present in the airways and gastrointestinal tract of neonates promote immune maturation and protect against asthma pathogenesis. Later bacterial infections and perturbations to the microbiome can contribute to asthma pathogenesis, persistence, and severity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asthma; Bacterial Infections; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans
PubMed: 31284927
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.006 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a connective tissue disease characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical features, extending from a benign glandular disease to an... (Review)
Review
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a connective tissue disease characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical features, extending from a benign glandular disease to an aggressive systemic disorder and/or lymphoma. The pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is not completely understood, but it is assumed that pathogenesis of SS is multifactorial. The studies based on the animal models of SS provided significant insight in SS disease pathogenesis and management. The aim of this review is to summarize current studies on animal models with primary SS-like symptoms and discuss the impact of these studies on better understanding pathogenesis and management of Sjögren's syndrome. Databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane library were searched for summarizing studies on animal models in SS. Available data demonstrate that animal models are highly important for our understanding of SS disease.
Topics: Animals; Sjogren's Syndrome; Models, Animal; Aggression; Databases, Factual; Gene Library
PubMed: 37629175
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612995 -
Journal of Biological Regulators and... 2020Periprosthetic osteolysis is still one of the major limitations of prosthetic joints longevity. The process of this "silent" iatrogenic disease involves both mechanical... (Review)
Review
Periprosthetic osteolysis is still one of the major limitations of prosthetic joints longevity. The process of this "silent" iatrogenic disease involves both mechanical and biological factors that initiate a local immune response in the periprosthetic tissue that eventually lead to implant loosening and failure. There are many causes of the primary aseptic loosening inside the periprosthetic microenvironment, but the most important elements are the wear debris and the cell-particle interactions. Together with implant position, micromotion, bearings, joint fluid pressure, and increased load on the joints drive the pathogenesis of the disease. This narrative review aims to summarise recent studies describing the biological and mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of osteolysis and some of the current pharmacological attempts to "rescue" a failing implant.
Topics: Humans; Joint Prosthesis; Osteolysis; Prosthesis Failure
PubMed: 33261304
DOI: No ID Found -
Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and... Sep 2017Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by immune mediated inflammation and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Arising from a... (Review)
Review
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a complex inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by immune mediated inflammation and epidermal barrier dysfunction. Arising from a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors, the definitive etiology of AD is perplexing and controversial. Advances in molecular medicine are radically transforming our understanding of AD pathogenesis. Increasing knowledge on the pathogenesis of AD results in novel therapeutic targets and pathways. This article details the pathogenesis section of the Curriculum United for Better Eczema Care (CUBE-C), facilitating primary care and sub-specialist education on the scientific advances driving recent AD therapeutic innovations.
Topics: Dermatitis, Atopic; Environment; Epidermis; Humans; Microbiota; Skin
PubMed: 28895955
DOI: 10.12788/j.sder.2017.036 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... 2016Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory disease that affects a multitude of people worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRS involves many factors including... (Review)
Review
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a persistent inflammatory disease that affects a multitude of people worldwide. The pathogenesis of CRS involves many factors including genetics, status of the sinonasal microbiome, infections, and environmental influences. Comorbidities associated with CRS include asthma, allergic rhinitis, bronchiectasis, and certain kinds of immunodeficiency. CRS can be divided into different subtypes based on endotypes and phenotypes. Infectious CRS is one such category. The etiology of infectious CRS is usually secondary to chronic bacterial infection that commonly begins with a viral upper respiratory tract infection. Humoral antibody deficiencies can underlie difficult-to-treat or recurrent CRS. Infectious CRS can be treated with antimicrobials, topical or oral corticosteroids, and nasal saline irrigations. Patients with CRS and humoral immunodeficiency may require an aggressive treatment approach including immunoglobulin replacement therapy. Despite advancements in the field of CRS, targeted therapies and reliable biomarkers are still lacking.
Topics: Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Communicable Diseases; Comorbidity; Humans; Phenotype; Rhinitis; Sinusitis
PubMed: 27393772
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.04.008 -
Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine :... Apr 2020Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, insidious, and progressive oral mucosal disease that affects entire oral cavity and sometimes pharynx. This oral potentially... (Review)
Review
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, insidious, and progressive oral mucosal disease that affects entire oral cavity and sometimes pharynx. This oral potentially malignant disorder has a high rate of malignant transformation (7%-30%) to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), posing global problems for public health. Due to enormous efforts dedicated to this disease in the past decades, there have been significant advances in identification of its etiology and pathogenesis as well as development of corresponding therapeutic approaches, in spite of several challenges. This study reviewed the existing literature concerning OSF in Asian countries, encompassing its etiology, histopathology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatments. For improving treatment of OSF, the multifactorial etiology analysis, incorporation of effective molecular pathways, cytokines and cells for mechanism illustration, and integration of multidisciplinary modalities were also expounded to guide future research and clinical practice.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Digitoxigenin; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Oral Submucous Fibrosis
PubMed: 31310693
DOI: 10.1111/jop.12924 -
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.... Jun 2022Pruritus is a common symptom of most primary skin diseases and some systemic diseases. Despite the high incidence of pruritus in patients with psoriasis,the specific... (Review)
Review
Pruritus is a common symptom of most primary skin diseases and some systemic diseases. Despite the high incidence of pruritus in patients with psoriasis,the specific pathogenesis is complex and unclear. The occurrence and development of skin pruritus in psoriasis patients involve the joint participation of nervous,immune,endocrine,and vascular systems.This article reviews the mediators related to the pathogenesis of pruritus in psoriasis,aiming to improve the understanding of itching symptoms and the treatment of pruritus.
Topics: Anxiety; Humans; Pruritus; Psoriasis; Skin
PubMed: 35791955
DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000.503X.13448