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Journal of Medical Microbiology Aug 2021Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistant are classified as high priority pathogens by WHO. FQ resistance among Typhi has emerged rapidly and is predominantly mediated by...
Fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistant are classified as high priority pathogens by WHO. FQ resistance among Typhi has emerged rapidly and is predominantly mediated by mutations in the topoisomerase genes , and . Mutations in GyrA result in classical FQ resistance (DCS-NAR) i.e. decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC of 0.12 to 0.5 µg ml) (DCS) and resistance to nalidixic acid (NAR). Previously a nalidixic acid disc test was proposed for detection of DCS. Recently isolates with non-classical FQ resistance caused by plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in GyrB have emerged. These mechanisms also result in DCS but are nalidixic acid susceptible (NAS) and thus pose diagnostic challenges. CLSI and EUCAST have recommended use of 5 µg pefloxacin discs for detection of DCS in . The CLSI and EUCAST recommendations for use of 5 µg pefloxacin for detection of DCS has not been validated on typhoidal and resistance mediated by GyrB mutation in species. The aim of the present study was to validate the performance of the 5 µg pefloxacin discs to detect isolates of . Typhi with DCS with special reference to GyrB mutations. A total of 180 clinical isolates of Typhi (2005-2014) were investigated for genetic mechanisms of resistance. Zone diameters for nalidixic acid (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg) and pefloxacin (5µg) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ciprofloxacin were determined using CLSI guidelines. Performance of the three discs was evaluated to detect FQ resistance in . Typhi. Topoisomerase mutations in GyrB +/ ParC and GyrB were detected in 112 and 34 isolates respectively. Different mutations have a varied effect on the MIC for ciprofloxacin. The current breakpoints for susceptible (≤0.06 µg ml) and non-susceptible (≥0.125 µg ml), failed to detect all isolates with a resistance mechanism. Performance of both ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin discs were excellent compared to nalidixic acid in differentiating isolates with non-classical resistance mediated by GyrB from wild-type. The pefloxacin disc can be used to detect FQ resistance among . Typhi. This is the first report of validation of pefloxacin for detection of FQ resistance in . Typhi mediated by GyrB mutation.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; DNA Gyrase; DNA Topoisomerase IV; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Nalidixic Acid; Pefloxacin; Salmonella typhi; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 34356003
DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001398 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2019In this study, the oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube (O-MWCNTs) was obtained by a simple method, and investigated by various techniques (SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XPS and zeta...
In this study, the oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube (O-MWCNTs) was obtained by a simple method, and investigated by various techniques (SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XPS and zeta potential) for the removal of pefloxacin and Cu(II). The mutual effects of their adsorption onto O-MWCNTs were comprehensively clarified with sole and binary systems with adsorption kinetics, sorption thermodynamic and sorption isotherm models. The results indicated that there are site enhancement and competition of pefloxacin and Cu(II) on O-MWCNTs. According to mechanism investigation on the adsorption of pefloxacin and Cu(II) by XPS analysis, pH impact study, electrostatic interaction and π-π interactions, the low concentration of Cu(II)/pefloxacin could act as a bridge between pefloxacin/Cu(II) and O-MWCNTs, which significantly enhances the adsorption of pefloxacin/Cu(II). This study provided effective method and valuable reference for the elimination of pefloxacin/Cu(II) from aquatic environments.
PubMed: 30041045
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.267 -
Journal of Food Protection May 2018Lomefloxacin (LOM) and pefloxacin (PEF) are synthetic antibiotics that have been used in the treatment of infectious diseases in both human and animals. In the People's...
Lomefloxacin (LOM) and pefloxacin (PEF) are synthetic antibiotics that have been used in the treatment of infectious diseases in both human and animals. In the People's Republic of China, the use of LOM and PEF in livestock has been prohibited because of the concern that the residues of these drugs may pose a risk to public health. Despite this prohibition, these drugs are still being used in the poultry industry illegally, and so far there has been no systematic study of the persistence of LOM and PEF residues in chickens. In this study, laying hens were treated with a daily dose (10 mg/kg of body weight) of LOM or PEF for five consecutive days, and the drug residues in various tissues and eggs were determined over a 15-day period after the last drug administration. The highest LOM and PEF residual concentrations were found in the tissues 4 h after the last drug administration, and concentrations gradually decreased over time. Plasma had the lowest and liver had the highest residual concentrations throughout the 15-day study period. At the end of the 15 days, 3.64 ± 0.74 μg/kg LOM and 1.78 ± 0.28 μg/kg PEF were detected in the liver, with slightly lower residual concentrations in the kidney. No LOM or PEF residue was detected in the ovarian follicle, plasma, and muscle at the end of the 15 days. In eggs, the depletion rate of LOM was slower than that of PEF. LOM and PEF residues were detected in whole eggs for up to 10 and 8 days, respectively, after drug administration ceased. These findings suggest that the liver and, to a lesser extent, the kidney may be the sites where LOM or PEF residues would persist. This information can be a reliable reference for governmental agencies with respect to the screening of LOM and PEF residues in food products derived from laying hens.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; China; Drug Residues; Eggs; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Organ Specificity; Pefloxacin
PubMed: 29637810
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-422 -
Environmental Research Dec 2022For investigating the spatial, temporal variations and assessing ecological risk of 10 antibiotics and 6 antimycotics, influent sewage water and treated effluent were...
Antibiotics and antimycotics in waste water treatment plants: Concentrations, removal efficiency, spatial and temporal variations, prediction, and ecological risk assessment.
For investigating the spatial, temporal variations and assessing ecological risk of 10 antibiotics and 6 antimycotics, influent sewage water and treated effluent were collected during three different seasons in 19 waste water treatment plants of Tianjin. High performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze 16 substances. The concentration range of influent samples was not detected (nd) -547.94 ng/L and the concentration range of effluent samples was nd-52.97 ng/L. By calculating the removal efficiency, it was found that Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Ofloxacin (OFL) and Clotrimazole (CTR) were effectively removed. There were significant spatial and temporal differences, the concentration in the dry season was evidently higher than that in the wet and normal seasons, and the northeast was lower than that in the northwest and southeast. By establishing a data set of influent and effluent, the priority features were extracted by feature engineering, which were temperature and NH-N. Under the condition of ensuring the best performance of the models, the influent model with 9 features and the effluent model with 4 features were established, and the quantitative relationship between the above features and concentration was obtained through partial dependence analysis. Except for Moxifloxacin (MOX), Norfloxacin (NOR) and OFL in the influent samples, the RQ values for other antibiotics and antimycotics were less than 0.1. Among the effluent samples, only NOR had an RQ value greater than 0.1, and OFL, MOX, and Pefloxacin (PEF) had RQ values between 0.01 and 0.1. Comparing the observations and predictions individual RQ values, the predictions were ideal and matched the observations. This work effectively assessed environmental impact and provided a valuable reference for evaluating antibiotics and antimycotics ecological toxicity.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Clotrimazole; Environmental Monitoring; Moxifloxacin; Norfloxacin; Ofloxacin; Pefloxacin; Risk Assessment; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 35998699
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114135 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Feb 2021While Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be used to remove antibiotics by adsorption, knowledge of how antibiotics are degraded by MOFs is still limited. In...
While Fe-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be used to remove antibiotics by adsorption, knowledge of how antibiotics are degraded by MOFs is still limited. In this study, one Fe-based MOF, NH-MIL-88B was used to remove pefloxacin from aqueous solution via a combination of adsorption and Fenton-like oxidation. NH-MIL-88B exhibited a high adsorption capacity for pefloxacin (41.37 mg·g), with >99% removal efficiency within 120 min based on Fenton-like oxidation. To better understand the mechanisms involved in integrated adsorption and Fenton-like oxidation, various advanced characterization techniques were used to monitor the changes in morphology and composition of NHMIL-88B before and after removal of pefloxacin. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) all supported adsorption and Fenton oxidation of pefloxacin. In addition, the pefloxacin degradation products identified by LC-UV and LC-MS provided information on the potential adsorption-Fenton oxidation mechanism. These results suggested that NH-MIL-88B has remarkably potential to be used in an integrated adsorption and Fenton-like process for the removal of antibiotics from aqueous solution.
Topics: Adsorption; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Oxidation-Reduction; Pefloxacin
PubMed: 33002699
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.034 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Sep 2020Pefloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Besides its advantageous characteristics, side effects including the hypofunction of salivary glands,...
Pefloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Besides its advantageous characteristics, side effects including the hypofunction of salivary glands, decreased saliva production, and peripheral neuropathy were observed during the administration of pefloxacin. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the number of serotonergic immunoreactive fibers and mast cells after pefloxacin treatment in the parotid and sublingual glands of rats to detect the possible neurotoxic effect of pefloxacin. The adult female rats were treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of pefloxacin for three or seven days (at a concentration of 20 mg/100g body weight) and the serotonergic innervation pattern along with the change in mast cell number were evaluated by using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the parotid and sublingual glands. We found that a three-day treatment significantly increased the number of immunoreactive serotonergic nerve fibers, but after a seven-day treatment the number of serotonin positive nerve fibers decreased almost to values of the control group. The alteration of mast cell number was parallel with the changes of the serotonin positive fibers during the treatment. These results suggest that pefloxacin treatment can modify the finely controlled communication between the immune- and the peripheral nervous systems, resulting neurogenic inflammatory process. The background of this process is the altered serotonergic innervation and the increased number of activated mast cells releasing different mediators for example histamine, which can finally lead to reduced number of serotonin positive nerve fibers after a seven-day treatment of pefloxacin leading to atrophy and hypofunction of the salivary glands.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cell Count; Female; Mast Cells; Nerve Fibers; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Parotid Gland; Pefloxacin; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin; Sublingual Gland
PubMed: 30257570
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1508217 -
Annali Italiani Di Chirurgia 2022In our work we have considered the problems related to the post-operative hospitalization in patients admitted to our ENT's department in the last 4 years.
AIM
In our work we have considered the problems related to the post-operative hospitalization in patients admitted to our ENT's department in the last 4 years.
MATERIAL OF STUDY
Our observations refer to a sample of 155 patients suffering from head and neck tumors.
RESULTS
Regarding therapy, some drugs have been less effective to prevent post-operative infection: the ceftriaxone at the level of the oral cavity/oropharynx and ceftriaxone/pefloxacin at the level of the hypopharynx/larynx.
DISCUSSION
Post-operative infections in cancer surgery can compromise not only the surgical outcome but also be responsible for delays for any adjuvant treatments. Post-operative infections risk in head-neck cancer surgery drops from 30- 80 % to 20 % with perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Despite the introduction of pre-operative prophylaxis , according to guidelines, the number of post-surgical infections still remains high (40/61% of cases). It is important to know the intrinsic risk factors (related to the patient) and extrinsic (related to the external environment and the same procedure) to better understand how to prevent infections. Prolonged hospitalization can expose patients to the risk of hospital pathogens.
CONCLUSION
We tried to outline a profile of head-neck cancer patients more likely to contract post-operative infections. We also compared the effects of various antibiotics administered before and after the onset of complications to suggest a therapeutic protocol.
KEY WORDS
Antibiotics therapy Post-operative infectious, Prophylaxis in head and neck surgery.
Topics: Humans; Ceftriaxone; Postoperative Complications; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 36617276
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Apr 2021With increasing fluoroquinolone resistance, extended spectrum cephalosporins are recommended for the treatment of invasive Salmonella infections. However, Extended... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
With increasing fluoroquinolone resistance, extended spectrum cephalosporins are recommended for the treatment of invasive Salmonella infections. However, Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing Salmonella Paratyphi A causing enteric fever is on the rise and constitutes a major therapeutic challenge. Hence, we aimed to assess the incidence of ESBL production, fluoroquinolone resistance in S. Paratyphi A and to compare the fluoroquinolone resistance detection methods.
METHODOLOGY
Seventeen blood-culture isolates of S. Paratyphi A were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin and tetracycline (ACCuST), fluoroquinolones, azithromycin and ceftriaxone by disk diffusion method. We compared and correlated between disk diffusion of ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin with ciprofloxacin MIC. Combined disk test was employed to determine ESBL production.
RESULTS
In this study, 13(76.5%) isolates were nalidixic acid resistant (NAR), 16 (94.1%) were pefloxacin resistant, while 7 (41.2%), 9 (52.9%) exhibited resistance and intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin respectively. The MIC50, MIC90 of ciprofloxacin was 1 µg/mL, 2 µg/mL respectively. Among the NAR, 76.92% were DSC (MIC 0.5-1 µg/mL) and 23.08% had an MIC of 2-4 µg/mL. Of note, 4 isolates with DSC were NAS. Of the 17 S. Paratyphi A isolates, 14 (82.4%) were ESBL producers and 11 (64.7%) isolates were ceftriaxone susceptible.
CONCLUSIONS
Multidrug resistant (AmpRChlRSxtR) S. Paratyphi A with combined resistance to fluoroquinolones and ESBL production is a cause of concern. We found S. Paratyphi A isolates with a relatively unusual phenotype: nalidixic acid susceptible but exhibited DSC; pefloxacin susceptible but ciprofloxacin resistant. Of note one multidrug resistant (AmpRChlRSxtR) isolate, an ESBL producer exhibited resistance to azithromycin, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones but was susceptible to carbapenems and streptomycin.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Salmonella paratyphi A; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 33956660
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12336 -
Chemosphere Sep 2022The degradation of toxic chemicals, antibiotics and other residues in organic wastewater has attracted much attention. Among various degradation technologies,...
The degradation of toxic chemicals, antibiotics and other residues in organic wastewater has attracted much attention. Among various degradation technologies, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) reactors have the advantage of being simple to operate. Through the combination of HC and other oxidants, the removal efficiency and energy efficiency of organic matter can be greatly improved, and the consumption of chemicals and the processing costs can be reduced. In this work, HC technology combined with oxidants was used to degrade pefloxacin (PEF), and the effect of different operating conditions on PEF degradation was investigated. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of PEF treated with HC alone was 84.9% under the optimal HC conditions of pH 3.3 and 120 min, which is much higher than that (35.5%) of pH 5.3. When co-treating the PEF solution with HC and HO at 0.3 MPa and pH 5.3, the optimal molar ratio of PEF to HO was 1:5, the highest PEF removal efficiency was 69.7%, and the synergy index (SI) was 4.4. When combining HC with O, the PEF removal efficiency gradually elevated with increasing ozone addition. When the addition amount of ozone was 0.675 g/h, the removal efficiency of PEF was the highest, which was 91.5% after treatment of 20 min. The intermediate products in the reaction process were analyzed based on UV-Vis spectroscopy and LC-MS, and the mechanism and reaction pathways of PEF were proposed.
Topics: Hydrodynamics; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidants; Ozone; Pefloxacin; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35691401
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135299 -
International Journal of Microbiology 2022The presence of the zoonotic pathogen in the food supply chain poses a serious public health threat. This study describes the prevalence, susceptibility profiles,...
The presence of the zoonotic pathogen in the food supply chain poses a serious public health threat. This study describes the prevalence, susceptibility profiles, virulence patterns, and clonality of from a poultry flock monitored over six weeks, using the farm-to-fork approach. was isolated using selective media and confirmed to the genus and species level by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the and genes, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were determined using Vitek-2 and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against a panel of 21 antibiotics recommended by the World Health Organisation Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (WHO-AGISAR). Selected virulence genes were identified by conventional PCR, and clonality was determined using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). was present in 32.1% of the samples: on the farm (30.9%), at the abattoir (0.6%), and during house decontamination (0.6%). A total of 210 isolates contained the and genes. Litter, faeces, and carcass rinsate isolates were classified as resistant to cefuroxime (45.2%), cefoxitin (1.9%), chloramphenicol (1.9%), nitrofurantoin (0.4%), pefloxacin (11.4%), and azithromycin (11%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed among 3.8% of the isolates. All wastewater and 72.4% of carcass rinsate isolates were fully susceptible. All isolates harboured the , and virulence genes, while , , , and were absent. In addition, was only present among the wastewater isolates. Various ERIC-PCR patterns were observed throughout the continuum with different subtypes, indicating the unrelated spread of . This study concluded that poultry and the poultry environment serve as reservoirs for resistant and pathogenic . However, there was no evidence of transmission along the farm-to-fork continuum.
PubMed: 35069744
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5121273