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Antioxidants & Redox Signaling Dec 2023The remarkable geometry of the axon exposes it to unique challenges for survival and maintenance. Axonal degeneration is a feature of peripheral neuropathies, glaucoma,... (Review)
Review
The remarkable geometry of the axon exposes it to unique challenges for survival and maintenance. Axonal degeneration is a feature of peripheral neuropathies, glaucoma, and traumatic brain injury, and an early event in neurodegenerative diseases. Since the discovery of Wallerian degeneration (WD), a molecular program that hijacks nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism for axonal self-destruction, the complex roles of NAD in axonal viability and disease have become research priority. The discoveries of the protective Wallerian degeneration slow (Wld) and of sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) activation as the main instructive signal for WD have shed new light on the regulatory role of NAD in axonal degeneration in a growing number of neurological diseases. SARM1 has been characterized as a NAD hydrolase and sensor of NAD metabolism. The discovery of regulators of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) proteostasis in axons, the allosteric regulation of SARM1 by NAD and NMN, and the existence of clinically relevant windows of action of these signals has opened new opportunities for therapeutic interventions, including SARM1 inhibitors and modulators of NAD metabolism. Events upstream and downstream of SARM1 remain unclear. Furthermore, manipulating NAD metabolism, an overdetermined process crucial in cell survival, for preventing the degeneration of the injured axon may be difficult and potentially toxic. There is a need for clarification of the distinct roles of NAD metabolism in axonal maintenance as contrasted to WD. There is also a need to better understand the role of NAD metabolism in axonal endangerment in neuropathies, diseases of the white matter, and the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. 39, 1167-1184.
Topics: Humans; Wallerian Degeneration; NAD; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Axons; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 37503611
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0350 -
International Journal of Women's... Dec 2021This review article focuses on the dermatologic manifestations of selected nutrient deficiencies, including protein-energy and micronutrient-related malnutrition. The... (Review)
Review
This review article focuses on the dermatologic manifestations of selected nutrient deficiencies, including protein-energy and micronutrient-related malnutrition. The various nutrient deficiencies presented may share common features. However, distinctive cutaneous signs may prompt clinicians to consider a nutritional cause and help distinguish a nutrient deficiency from other common dermatologic conditions. The recent reemergence of forgotten nutritional deficiencies, such as scurvy and pellagra, in the context of predisposing risk factors that may uniquely affect women more than men makes this topic timely. Recognition of nutritional disorders is important because appropriate treatment may reverse cutaneous signs and prevent irreversible sequelae.
PubMed: 35024418
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.09.003 -
Skinmed 2023Niacin is the third vitamin to be discovered and, therefore. is known as vitamin B3. It has a long history of medicinal use-nutritionally and as a skin tone brightening...
Niacin is the third vitamin to be discovered and, therefore. is known as vitamin B3. It has a long history of medicinal use-nutritionally and as a skin tone brightening agent in skin care. Recent studies have suggested that niacin could be useful as an adjunctive treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mitigating the damaging effect of blue light to the skin. Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and niacinamide, is a physiologically active form of vitamin B3. Medicinal benefits of niacin were observed in 1902, when for the first time, patients with pellagra were treated with yeast that contained vitamin B3. Niacin has a variety of uses, particularly in treating various skin conditions, including topically as an anti-acne treatment, promoting epidermal sphingolipid synthesis, moderating photoimmunosuppression, and reducing hyperpigmentation. Niacinamide could be beneficial as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19 and for decreasing stress if the skin is excessively exposed to blue light.
Topics: Humans; Niacin; Niacinamide; Skin; Skin Diseases; COVID-19
PubMed: 38051244
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2020Necrolytic acral erythema (NAE) is now considered as a distinct clinical entity. It clinically presents as well demarcated hyperpigmented papules and plaques with thick... (Review)
Review
Necrolytic acral erythema (NAE) is now considered as a distinct clinical entity. It clinically presents as well demarcated hyperpigmented papules and plaques with thick adherent scales distributed symmetrically over dorsum of feet. It usually develops in patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Cases of NAE have been reported in patients without HCV infection. Hepatic dysfunction resulting in metabolic alterations like hypoalbuminemia, hypoaminoacidemia, hyperglucagonemia and transient zinc deficiency has been proposed as underlying pathogenic mechanism of NAE. Clinically, NAE resembles other necrolytic erythemas like necrolytic migratory erythema (NME), acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) and pellagra. Better understanding of etiopathogenesis and histopathological features is important to distinguish NAE from other necrolytic erythemas. The disease runs a natural course of exacerbations and remissions. Non-invasive diagnostic tools like dermoscopy can be used in differential diagnosis of NAE. Oral zinc therapy is the most effective treatment of NAE reported in most of the cases irrespective of HCV status or serum zinc levels.
PubMed: 32308461
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S189175 -
Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen... Sep 2022
PubMed: 36162036
DOI: 10.1111/ddg.14843_g -
Skinmed 2023
Topics: Humans; Pellagra; Prejudice; Politics
PubMed: 37158341
DOI: No ID Found -
The National Medical Journal of India 2019
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Biopsy; Humans; Male; Neck; Niacinamide; Pellagra; Skin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33380641
DOI: 10.4103/0970-258X.303626 -
International Journal of Tryptophan... 2020Nicotinamide homeostasis is a candidate common denominator to explain smooth transitions, whether demographic, epidemiological or economic. This 'NAD world', dependent... (Review)
Review
Nicotinamide homeostasis is a candidate common denominator to explain smooth transitions, whether demographic, epidemiological or economic. This 'NAD world', dependent on hydrogen-based energy, is not widely recognised as it is neither measured nor viewed from a sufficiently multi-genomic or historical perspective. Reviewing the importance of meat and nicotinamide balances during our co-evolution, recent history suggests that populations only modernise and age well with low fertility on a suitably balanced diet. Imbalances on the low meat side lead to an excess of infectious disease, short lives and boom-bust demographics. On the high side, meat has led to an excess of degenerative, allergic and metabolic disease and low fertility. A 'Goldilocks' diet derived from mixed and sustainable farming (preserving the topsoil) allows for high intellectual capital, height and good health with controlled population growth resulting in economic growth and prosperity. Implementing meat equity worldwide could lead to progress for future generations on 'spaceship' earth by establishing control over population quality, thermostat and biodiversity, if it is not already too late.
PubMed: 32327922
DOI: 10.1177/1178646920910159 -
JAMA Aug 2021
Topics: Diet; History, 20th Century; Humans; Pellagra; United States
PubMed: 34374730
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.18074