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Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Apr 2017The human pelvis has evolved over time into a remarkable structure, optimised into an intricate architecture that transfers the entire load of the upper body into the... (Review)
Review
The human pelvis has evolved over time into a remarkable structure, optimised into an intricate architecture that transfers the entire load of the upper body into the lower limbs, while also facilitating bipedal movement. The pelvic girdle is composed of two hip bones, os coxae, themselves each formed from the gradual fusion of the ischium, ilium and pubis bones. Unlike the development of the classical long bones, a complex timeline of events must occur in order for the pelvis to arise from the embryonic limb buds. An initial blastemal structure forms from the mesenchyme, with chondrification of this mass leading to the first recognisable elements of the pelvis. Primary ossification centres initiate in utero, followed post-natally by secondary ossification at a range of locations, with these processes not complete until adulthood. This cascade of events can vary between individuals, with recent evidence suggesting that fetal activity can affect the normal development of the pelvis. This review surveys the current literature on the ontogeny of the human pelvis. Anat Rec, 300:643-652, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Humans; Osteogenesis; Pelvic Bones; Pelvis
PubMed: 28297183
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23541 -
European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery... Jul 2023The purpose of this study was to compare patients with traumatic pelvic ring injuries sustained in road and mountain bicycling accidents to evaluate for differences in...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare patients with traumatic pelvic ring injuries sustained in road and mountain bicycling accidents to evaluate for differences in injury types and hospital courses.
METHODS
A retrospective review of 60 patients presenting with pelvic ring injuries after road (n = 46) and mountain (n = 14) bicycling accidents was performed to compare patient/injury characteristics and hospital course.
RESULTS
LC1 injuries were the most common pelvic ring injury (n = 31, 51.7%), 38.7% (n = 12) of which were considered unstable, followed by isolated iliac wing (n = 11, 18.3%), pubic rami (n = 6, 10.0%), and sacral fractures (n = 6, 10.0%). Hospital admission was required for 41 (68.3%) patients. The median hospital LOS was 4 days (IQR 2-9) and 12 (20%) patients received operative treatment. Patients in road versus mountain bicycling accidents were more likely to be older tobacco users and were similar in sex, body mass index, and injury severity score. Road bicycling resulted in more LC1 injuries (58.7% vs 28.6%, p = 0.04), while mountain bicycling resulted in more iliac wing fractures (42.9% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.01). Road cycling injuries required more days in the hospital to clear PT (median difference 2, CI 0-4, p = 0.04) and had longer hospital stays (median difference 2, CI 0-6, p = 0.02) but had no difference in the rate of admission, operative intervention, or discharge to rehabilitation facilities.
CONCLUSION
The majority of pelvic ring injuries from road and mountain bicycling accidents were LC1 injuries that were frequently unstable and often required hospital admission and operative fixation.
Topics: Humans; Bicycling; Accidents; Spinal Fractures; Ilium; Pelvis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36029341
DOI: 10.1007/s00590-022-03374-0 -
Journal of B.U.ON. : Official Journal... May 2015Surgeons learn over time when it is appropriate to recommend an operation. This is particularly true in the management of pelvic carcinomatous disease, which often gives... (Review)
Review
Surgeons learn over time when it is appropriate to recommend an operation. This is particularly true in the management of pelvic carcinomatous disease, which often gives rise to symptoms that are debilitating and difficult to manage by non-surgical means. Radical pelvic cytoreduction, complete resection of all visible tumor, remains the established operation for the treatment of carefully selected patients with biologically favorable tumors. Complexities in pelvic surgery and pelvic cytoreduction cover the strategic evaluation, specific approaches, and management techniques. The essential principle to removal of a very advanced pelvic disease lies in the retroperitoneal surgery. The retroperitoneal approach allows for dissection of the pan-pelvic tumoral mass and deposits using the peritoneum as a pseudo-capsule while identifying vital retroperitoneal structures such as the iliac vessels and ureter. Despite the fact that there are several considerations in favor of cytoreductive surgery, overall morbidity due to its application depends not only on the extent of the surgical procedure but also on the patient's medical fitness, the experience and expertise of the operating surgeon, as well as the quality of the supportive care, particularly anesthesia and critical care. The major source of trouble is the hostile pelvis itself. The reasons are fairly clear: most patients have had incomplete 'in-line' resective attempts, irradiation, and inflammation due to prior overhealing. Many of the complications of the procedure can be ameliorated or eliminated by careful attention to patient preparation, intraoperative meticulous technique, and post-cytoreductive intensive care. Achieving success and safety with these cytoreductive techniques requires extensive knowledge of pelvic anatomy, the use of special techniques of exposure and methods of dissection, a clear understanding of the objectives of the operation, and a flexibility of mind.
Topics: Abdominal Wall; Cytoreduction Surgical Procedures; Humans; Pelvic Neoplasms; Pelvis; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 26051330
DOI: No ID Found -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2023Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the descent of a woman's uterus, bladder, or rectum into the vagina. It affects 50% of women over 50 years old who have given birth to at... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is the descent of a woman's uterus, bladder, or rectum into the vagina. It affects 50% of women over 50 years old who have given birth to at least one child, and recognised risk factors are older age, higher number of births, and higher body mass index. This review assesses the effects of oestrogen therapy, alone or in combination with other treatments, on POP in postmenopausal women.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the benefits and harms of local and systemic oestrogen therapy in the management of pelvic organ prolapse symptoms in postmenopausal women, and to summarise the principal findings of relevant economic evaluations.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Specialised Register (up to 20 June 2022), which includes CENTRAL, MEDLINE, two trials registers, and handsearching of journals and conference proceedings. We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles for additional studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, multi-arm RCTs, and cross-over RCTs that evaluated the effects of oestrogen therapy (alone or in combination with other treatments) versus placebo, no treatment, or other interventions in postmenopausal women with any grade of POP.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently extracted data from the included trials using prespecified outcome measures and a piloted extraction form. The same review authors independently assessed the risk of bias of eligible trials using Cochrane's risk of bias tool. Had data allowed, we would have created summary of findings tables for our main outcome measures and assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified 14 studies including a total of 1002 women. In general, studies were at high risk of bias in terms of blinding of participants and personnel, and there were also some concerns about selective reporting. Owing to insufficient data for the outcomes of interest, we were unable to perform our planned subgroup analyses (systemic versus topical oestrogen, parous versus nulliparous women, women with versus without a uterus). No studies assessed the effects of oestrogen therapy alone versus no treatment, placebo, pelvic floor muscle training, devices such as vaginal pessaries, or surgery. However, we did identify three studies that assessed oestrogen therapy in conjunction with vaginal pessaries versus vaginal pessaries alone and 11 studies that assessed oestrogen therapy in conjunction with surgery versus surgery alone.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There was insufficient evidence from RCTs to draw any solid conclusions on the benefits or harms of oestrogen therapy for managing POP symptoms in postmenopausal women. Topical oestrogen in conjunction with pessaries was associated with fewer adverse vaginal events compared with pessaries alone, and topical oestrogen in conjunction with surgery was associated with reduced postoperative urinary tract infections compared with surgery alone; however, these findings should be interpreted with caution, as the studies that contributed data varied substantially in their design. There is a need for larger studies on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of oestrogen therapy, used alone or in conjunction with pelvic floor muscle training, vaginal pessaries, or surgery, for the management of POP. These studies should measure outcomes in the medium and long term.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Estrogens; Pelvis; Pessaries; Postmenopause; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 37431855
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014592.pub2 -
Journal of Special Operations Medicine... 2021Uncontrolled hemorrhage secondary to unstable pelvic fractures is a preventable cause of prehospital death in the military and civilian sectors. Because the mortality...
Uncontrolled hemorrhage secondary to unstable pelvic fractures is a preventable cause of prehospital death in the military and civilian sectors. Because the mortality rate associated with unstable pelvic ring injuries exceeds 50%, the use of external compression devices for associated hemorrhage control is paramount. During mass casualty incidents and in austere settings, the need for multiple external compression devices may arise. In assessing the efficacy of these devices, the magnitude of applied force has been offered as a surrogate measure of pubic symphysis diastasis reduction and subsequent hemostasis. This study offers a sensor-circuit assessment of applied force for a convenience sample of pelvic compression devices. The SAM® (structural aluminum malleable) Pelvic Sling II (SAM Medical) and improvised compression devices, including a SAM Splint tightened by a Combat Application Tourniquet® (C-A-T; North American Rescue) and a SAM® Splint tightened by a cravat, as well as two joined cravats and a standard-issue military belt, were assessed in male and female subjects. As hypothesized, compressive forces applied to the pelvis did not vary significantly based on device operator, subject sex, and subject body fat percentage. The use of the military belt as an improvised method to obtain pelvic stabilization is not advised.
Topics: Female; Fractures, Bone; Hemorrhage; Humans; Male; Pelvic Bones; Pelvis; Tourniquets
PubMed: 33721306
DOI: 10.55460/KRKS-8I7S -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2022Most pelvic tumors originate from the organs. Less commonly, tumors can arise from the various anatomic pelvic compartments and are comprised of mesenchymal tissue:... (Review)
Review
Most pelvic tumors originate from the organs. Less commonly, tumors can arise from the various anatomic pelvic compartments and are comprised of mesenchymal tissue: muscles, connective tissue, vessels, lymphatics, and fat. Among some of the rarer entities are benign tumors (eg, angiomyxoma, cellular angiofibroma, and desmoid fibromatosis), malignant tumors (eg, sarcoma), and tumors that can manifest as benign or malignant (eg, solitary fibrous tumor or nerve sheath tumor). Because these tumors are uncommon and often manifest with nonspecific clinical features, imaging (usually MRI) is an initial step in the evaluation. Radiologists interpreting these images are asked to help narrow the differential diagnosis and assess the likelihood of malignancy for treatment planning. Thus, the MRI report should include the imaging features that would indicate the underlying tissue histology for pathologic diagnosis as well as a description of the anatomic extent and pattern of growth. The authors describe multiple locally aggressive benign and malignant mesenchymal tumors and highlight characteristic clinical and imaging features that enable the radiologist to narrow the differential diagnosis. The anatomic spaces of the pelvis are reviewed with illustrations to aid the radiologist in describing these tumors, which often span multiple pelvic compartments. Tumor appearance at T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and postcontrast MRI is summarized and illustrated with correlation at CT or fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT, when available. MRI features that correspond to specific types of tissue (eg, myxoid, fibrous, or vascular) are highlighted and correlated with images from pathologic evaluation. RSNA, 2021.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pelvic Neoplasms; Pelvis; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 34797733
DOI: 10.1148/rg.210049 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Oct 2023Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic, immune-mediated disease that can affect multiple organs, including the orbits, salivary glands, thyroid gland,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic, immune-mediated disease that can affect multiple organs, including the orbits, salivary glands, thyroid gland, lungs, aorta, pancreas, bile ducts, lymph nodes, and retroperitoneum. While timely diagnosis is particularly important given the efficacy of glucocorticoid treatment for IgG4-RD, accurate recognition can prove a challenge given the overlap between the imaging features of this disease and other entities.
PURPOSE
After a review of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations (including treatment) associated with IgG4-RD, this pictorial review will showcase the variable imaging manifestations of this disease in the abdomen and pelvis. Post-treatment imaging appearance of these entities will be reviewed and mimickers of this disease in the abdomen and pelvis will be presented.
CONCLUSION
The presence of mass-like soft tissue with radiographic characteristics of fibrosis affecting multiple organs should raise suspicion for IgG4-RD, although definite diagnosis can only be made with appropriate clinical, serological, and pathologic data.
Topics: Humans; Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease; Autoimmune Diseases; Abdomen; Fibrosis; Pelvis
PubMed: 37407744
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-023-03996-w -
Journal of Vascular Surgery Feb 2018Previous studies of men suggested that patients with varicocele may be leaner than the normal population. No such work exists in women with pelvic congestion syndrome...
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies of men suggested that patients with varicocele may be leaner than the normal population. No such work exists in women with pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). This study evaluated the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and PCS.
METHODS
A case-control study at a single institution was performed of women who had the objective diagnosis of PCS. Data were prospectively collected for 100 consecutive patients with PCS. BMI was calculated for every patient and categorized into normal weight (BMI <25), overweight (BMI 25-29.9), and obese (BMI >30). Diagnosis of PCS was made by ultrasound and venography. Mean BMI was compared with that of the general female population of the United States from 1999 to 2002. Furthermore, analyses included comparison of patients with and without ovarian vein dilation and pelvic varices.
RESULTS
There were 100 women with a median age of 44 years (range, 24-73 years). The mean BMI of the study group was 25 ± 5.6 kg/m. The cohort was categorized into 59 women with normal BMI, 23 overweight women, and 18 obese women. The study cohort's BMI was less than that of the general U.S. female population (P = .02). The majority of the study group were white with lower BMI (P < .0001). Leg varicosities were more prevalent in obese patients (100% obese vs 81% normal BMI; P = .01). Patients with ovarian vein dilation had significantly lower BMI (24.1 ± 5.6 kg/m and 26.7 ± 5.4 kg/m; P = .036). No differences were identified for pelvic varices or reflux.
CONCLUSIONS
Women with PCS are more likely to have a normal BMI with ovarian vein dilation compared with obese women, who are more frequently affected by leg varicosities.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Mass Index; Databases, Factual; Dilatation, Pathologic; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Obesity; Ovary; Pelvis; Phlebography; Prevalence; Regional Blood Flow; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Syndrome; Ultrasonography; United States; Varicose Veins; Veins; Venous Insufficiency; Young Adult
PubMed: 28943005
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.06.115 -
The Prostate Oct 2020Fat distribution varies between individuals of similar body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that visceral obesity is more strongly associated with poor prostate cancer...
BACKGROUND
Fat distribution varies between individuals of similar body mass index (BMI). We hypothesized that visceral obesity is more strongly associated with poor prostate cancer outcomes than overall obesity defined by BMI.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We quantified abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat area (VFA and SFA), and pelvic periprostatic adipose tissue area (PPAT), using computed tomography scans from radiation-treated prostate cancer patients at the Durham North Carolina Veterans Administration Hospital. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression examined associations between each adiposity measure and risk of recurrence, overall and stratified by race and receipt of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT).
RESULTS
Of 401 patients (59% black) treated from 2005 to 2011, 84 (21%) experienced recurrence during 9.3 years median follow-up. Overall, obesity defined by BMI was not associated with recurrence risk overall or stratified by race or ADT, nor was any measure of fat distribution related to the risk of recurrence overall or by race. However, higher VFA was associated with increased risk of recurrence in men who received radiation only (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-3.66), but inversely associated with recurrence risk in men treated with radiation and ADT (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.24-1.03; P-interaction = .002), though neither association reached statistical significance. Similar patterns of ADT-stratified associations were observed for PPAT and SFA.
CONCLUSIONS
Associations between abdominal and pelvic adiposity measures and recurrence risk differed significantly by ADT receipt, with positive directions of association observed only in men not receiving ADT. If confirmed, our findings suggest that obesity may have varying effects on prostate cancer progression risk dependent on the hormonal state of the individual.
Topics: Abdomen; Adipose Tissue; Adiposity; Black People; Cohort Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Pelvis; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
PubMed: 32767683
DOI: 10.1002/pros.24054 -
Radiotherapy and Oncology : Journal of... Mar 2021There is growing evidence on the role of carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) for gynaecological tumours. Pelvic insufficiency fracture (PIF) decreases the quality of life...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
There is growing evidence on the role of carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) for gynaecological tumours. Pelvic insufficiency fracture (PIF) decreases the quality of life after photon beam radiotherapy (RT). However, there is little information on PIF after C-ion RT. This study retrospectively assessed incidence of PIF after C-ion RT for uterine carcinomas (UCs) and the associations of clinical and dosimetric parameters with PIF incidence.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We performed a pooled analysis of 102 patients with UCs who underwent definitive C-ion RT alone and were followed up for >6 months without any additional RT in the pelvic region. PIF occurrence was surveyed using magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography. Associations of clinical and dosimetric parameters with PIF incidence were analysed.
RESULTS
The 2- and 5-year actuarial incidences of ≥grade 1 PIF in all pelvic regions were 22.3% and 42.4%, respectively. The most frequent site of involvement was the sacrum. Log-rank tests showed that higher volumes receiving >10 Gy (relative biological effectiveness) (V10), V20, V30, and V40, body mass index (BMI) under 18.5, and current smoking were associated with increased incidence of ≥grade 1 PIF in the sacrum.
CONCLUSIONS
We clarified the actuarial incidence of PIF after C-ion RT for UCs. Higher V10, V20, V30, V40, D, D, current smoking, BMI <18.5, and using the anterior-posterior direction in whole pelvic irradiation were associated with higher incidences of PIF in the sacrum. The present results may lead to further improvement of C-ion RT for UCs.
Topics: Carbon; Carcinoma; Female; Fractures, Stress; Humans; Pelvis; Quality of Life; Radiotherapy Dosage; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 33278405
DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.11.030