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BJU International Jun 2015To systematically review and create nomograms of flaccid and erect penile size measurements. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review and create nomograms of flaccid and erect penile size measurements.
METHODS
Study key eligibility criteria: measurement of penis size by a health professional using a standard procedure; a minimum of 50 participants per sample.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
samples with a congenital or acquired penile abnormality, previous surgery, complaint of small penis size or erectile dysfunction. Synthesis methods: calculation of a weighted mean and pooled standard deviation (SD) and simulation of 20,000 observations from the normal distribution to generate nomograms of penis size.
RESULTS
Nomograms for flaccid pendulous [n = 10,704, mean (SD) 9.16 (1.57) cm] and stretched length [n = 14,160, mean (SD) 13.24 (1.89) cm], erect length [n = 692, mean (SD) 13.12 (1.66) cm], flaccid circumference [n = 9407, mean (SD) 9.31 (0.90) cm], and erect circumference [n = 381, mean (SD) 11.66 (1.10) cm] were constructed. Consistent and strongest significant correlation was between flaccid stretched or erect length and height, which ranged from r = 0.2 to 0.6.
LIMITATIONS
relatively few erect measurements were conducted in a clinical setting and the greatest variability between studies was seen with flaccid stretched length.
CONCLUSIONS
Penis size nomograms may be useful in clinical and therapeutic settings to counsel men and for academic research.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anthropometry; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nomograms; Organ Size; Penile Erection; Penis; Reference Values; Young Adult
PubMed: 25487360
DOI: 10.1111/bju.13010 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Apr 2019The relative infrequency of urethral injuries during penile prosthesis implantation has caused the event to be understudied relative to the morbidity and cost associated... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The relative infrequency of urethral injuries during penile prosthesis implantation has caused the event to be understudied relative to the morbidity and cost associated with their management.
AIM
To draw attention to both acute intraoperative and delayed urethral injuries via cylinder erosion by compiling and evaluating the available literature on their cause, diagnosis, and management.
METHODS
A literature review was performed through PubMed from 1985 to 2018 regarding urethral injuries in the setting of penile prosthesis implantation. Comorbidities and anatomic factors that predispose a patient to a urethral injury were also queried.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The goal is to identify at-risk populations and assess options for managing distal, mid-pendulous, and proximal acute urethral injuries that occur in the setting of penile prosthesis implantation. We also examine strategies to manage prosthesis erosion into the urethra.
RESULTS
Although urethral injuries are rare, certain patient populations are at higher risk for the event. Injuries at various locations along the urethra present unique challenging and morbid clinical scenarios. However, there are a variety of management options available that allow a patient to ultimately void normally and have a successfully implanted penile prosthesis.
CONCLUSION
Overall, penile prostheses offer many patients an improved sexual quality of life. In the setting of prosthesis implantation both acute and delayed urethral injuries are rare, but their associated morbidity can undercut the benefits of the device. Our understanding of these injuries has matured, and we now possess management strategies that can mitigate the morbidity and frustration that accompany this complication. Carlos EC, Sexton SJ, Lentz AC. Urethral injury and the penile prosthesis. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:360-368.
Topics: Humans; Male; Penile Prosthesis; Postoperative Complications; Risk Factors; Urethra
PubMed: 30078620
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.003 -
The Journal of Pathology Sep 2023Granulomatous slack skin (GSS) is an extremely rare subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma accompanied by an abundant number of macrophages and is clinically characterized...
Granulomatous slack skin (GSS) is an extremely rare subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma accompanied by an abundant number of macrophages and is clinically characterized by the development of pendulous skin folds. However, the characteristics of these macrophages in GSS remain unclear. Here, we conducted a spatial transcriptomic study on one frozen GSS sample and drew transcriptomic maps of GSS for the first time. Gene expression analysis revealed the enrichment of three clusters with macrophage transcripts, each exhibiting distinct characteristics suggesting that their primary composition consists of different subpopulations of macrophages. The CD163 /CD206 cluster showed a tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) M2-like phenotype and highly expressed ZFP36, CCL2, TNFAIP6, and KLF2, which are known to be involved in T-cell interaction and tumor progression. The APOC1 /APOE cluster presented a non-M1 or -M2 phenotype and may be related to lipid metabolism. The CD11c /LYZ cluster exhibited an M1-like phenotype. Notably, these cells strongly expressed MMP9, MMP12, CHI3L1, CHIT1, COL1A1, TIMP1, and SPP1, which are responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and tissue remodeling. This may partially explain the symptoms of cutaneous relaxation in GSS. Further immunohistochemistry on four GSS cases demonstrated that CD11c predominantly marked granulomas and multinucleated giant cells, whereas CD163 was mainly expressed on scattered macrophages, appearing as a mutually exclusive pattern. The expression pattern of MMP9 overlapped with that of CD11c, implying that CD11c macrophages may be a source of MMP9. Our data shed light on the characteristics of macrophages in the GSS microenvironment and provide a theoretical basis for the application of MMP9 inhibitors to prevent cutaneous relaxation of GSS. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Topics: Humans; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Skin Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment; Transcriptome; Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous; Macrophages; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37550813
DOI: 10.1002/path.6151 -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2022Melasma is a complex and multipathophysiological condition that is challenging to treat. The roles of each element in the dermis were highlighted in this recent year due... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Melasma is a complex and multipathophysiological condition that is challenging to treat. The roles of each element in the dermis were highlighted in this recent year due to targeting it with emerging therapies. Although some studies have demonstrated abnormal findings in the dermis of melasma lesions, there are no integrated data regarding these findings.
PURPOSE
This article aims to discuss each finding in the dermis of melasma lesions and to provide some ideas about treatment options.
METHODS
An Internet search was completed using the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases for relevant literature through June 2021 and reference lists of respective articles. Only the articles published in English language were included.
RESULTS
Several studies have focused on the dermal changes in melasma. Common findings included basement membrane disruption, pendulous melanocytes, marked solar elastosis, increased melanophages, increased mast cells, and neovascularization. In addition, each of them had the specified mechanism that may relate with the others.
CONCLUSION
Several changes in the dermis of melasma lesion may be connected with pathological changes in the epidermis. This may serve as a potential target treatment for melasma, which requires a multimodal approach.
PubMed: 35023942
DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S343332 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Aug 2021Urethral strictures are a common complication after genital gender-affirming surgery (GGAS) in transmasculine patients. Studies that specifically focus on the management... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Urethral strictures are a common complication after genital gender-affirming surgery (GGAS) in transmasculine patients. Studies that specifically focus on the management of urethral strictures are scarce. The aim of this systematic review is to collect all available evidence on the management of urethral strictures in transmasculine patients who underwent urethral lengthening.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the management of urethral strictures in transmasculine patients after phalloplasty or metoidioplasty (PROSPERO, CRD42021215811) with literature from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis-(PRISMA) guidelines were followed, and risk of bias was assessed for every individual study using the 5-criterion quality appraisal checklist.
RESULTS
Eight case series were included with a total of 179 transmasculine patients. Only one study discussed the management of urethral strictures after metoidioplasty. Urethral strictures were most often seen at the anastomosis between the fixed and pendulous urethra. For each stricture location, different techniques have been reported. All studies were at a high risk of bias. The current evidence is insufficient to favor one technique over another.
CONCLUSIONS
Different techniques have been described for the different clinical scenarios of urethral stricture disease after GGAS. In the absence of comparative studies, however, it is impossible to advocate for one technique over another. This calls for additional research, ideally well-designed prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs), focusing on both surgical and functional outcome parameters.
PubMed: 34501359
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173912 -
Poultry Science Apr 2023Egg production performance plays an important role in the poultry industry across the world. Previous studies have shown a great difference in egg production performance...
Egg production performance plays an important role in the poultry industry across the world. Previous studies have shown a great difference in egg production performance between pendulous-comb (PC) and upright-comb (UC) chickens. However, there are no reports to identify potential candidate genes for egg production in PC and UC chickens. In the present study, 1,606 laying chickens were raised, and the egg laid by individual chicken was collected for 100 d. Moreover, the expression level of estrogen and progesterone hormones was measured at the start-laying and peak-laying periods of hens. Besides, 4 PC and 4 UC chickens were selected at 217 d of age to perform transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and whole genome resequencing (WGS) to screen the potential candidate genes of egg production. The results showed that PC chicken demonstrated better egg production performance (P < 0.05) and higher estrogen and progesterone hormone expression levels than UC chicken (P < 0.05). RNA-seq analysis showed that 341 upregulated and 1,036 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the ovary tissues of PC and UC chickens. These DEGs were mainly enriched in protein-related, lipid-related, and nucleic acids-related biological processes including ribosome, peptide biosynthetic process, lipid transport terms, and catalytic activity acting on RNA which can significantly affect egg production in chicken. The enrichment results of WGS analysis were consistent with RNA-seq. Further, joint analysis of WGS and RNA-seq data was utilized to screen 30 genes and CAMK1D, CLSTN2, MAST2, PIK3C2G, TBC1D1, STK3, ADGRB3, and PPARGC1A were identified as potential candidate genes for egg production in PC and UC chickens. In summary, our study provides a wealth of information for a better understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanism for the future breeding of PC and UC chickens for egg production.
Topics: Animals; Female; Chickens; Transcriptome; Progesterone; Estrogens; Lipids; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 36739803
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102504 -
Surgery Jun 2017
Topics: Aged; Colorectal Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Follow-Up Studies; Hemangioma, Cavernous; Hepatectomy; Humans; Incidental Findings; Laparoscopy; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Staging; Preoperative Care; Risk Assessment; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27072991
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.02.036 -
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... Jan 2018Upright and pendulous combs commonly exist in most single-comb chicken breeds. Here, the phenotypic characteristics of upright and pendulous combs in chickens and...
Upright and pendulous combs commonly exist in most single-comb chicken breeds. Here, the phenotypic characteristics of upright and pendulous combs in chickens and association with growth rate and egg production were analyzed. Phenotypic frequencies of upright and pendulous comb were investigated in five chicken breeds; the phenotypic frequencies of complete pendulous comb (CPC) and partial pendulous comb (PPC) ranged from 10.1% to 29.0% and 21.8% to 65.3%, respectively. CPC hens produced more eggs than PPC hens (P < 0.05) in Nongda-3, Huainan and Wenchang breeds. In Huainan breed, CPC males were heavier than PPC males at 12 and 16 weeks of age, while CPC females were heavier at 24 weeks of age. PPC and CPC chickens have greater (P < 0.05) comb length, comb height and comb index than upright comb (UC) chickens. There was no significant difference in comb phenotypic frequency distribution between the offspring from UC(♂) × CPC(♀) and CPC(♂) × UC(♀); however, it differed (χ² = 45.12, P < 0.01) between offspring from UC(♂) × UC(♀) and CPC(♂) × CPC(♀). These results suggested that the comb phenotype does not appear to be Z-linked; the effective loci influencing the trait could be estimated in a further study.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Animals; Breeding; Chickens; Comb and Wattles; Female; Male; Ovulation
PubMed: 28960711
DOI: 10.1111/asj.12922