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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Oct 2015Sickle cell disease is a common genetic disorder characterized by sickling of red blood cells under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. In turn, sickling leads to... (Review)
Review
Sickle cell disease is a common genetic disorder characterized by sickling of red blood cells under conditions of reduced oxygen tension. In turn, sickling leads to intravascular hemolysis and vaso-occlusive events with subsequent tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury affecting multiple organs, including the genitourinary system. Our review of the genitourinary manifestations of sickle cell disease focuses on sickle cell nephropathy, priapism, and other genitourinary complications such as papillary necrosis and renal medullary carcinoma.
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Female; Humans; Ischemia; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Medulla; Kidney Neoplasms; Kidney Papillary Necrosis; Male; Penis; Priapism
PubMed: 26469825
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.82a.14029 -
Semergen 2021The dermatological conditions that affect the penis are diverse, and may be typical of this area or be part of systemic diseases. The anamnesis and inspection are often...
The dermatological conditions that affect the penis are diverse, and may be typical of this area or be part of systemic diseases. The anamnesis and inspection are often sufficient for diagnosis, but other times, it is difficult to distinguish between benign dermatoses and premalignant lesions. The delay in consulting, due to fear, shame or the doctor's own ignorance, can cause the lesions to progress to malignancy and require aggressive treatments that can alter the quality of life and physical and mental health of the patient. We must suspect premalignancy or malignancy any lesion of the penis that is not modified with specific or empirical treatment and refer for biopsy. HPV infections are the origin of 50% of premalignant lesions. After treatment and due to possible relapses and progression to infiltrating carcinomas, a strict follow-up plan is necessary.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Papillomavirus Infections; Penis; Precancerous Conditions; Quality of Life
PubMed: 34144867
DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2021.05.005 -
The Journal of Urology Mar 2019
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Genomics; Humans; Male; Penis; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 30759699
DOI: 10.1097/01.JU.0000553713.64297.bb -
Clinical Genitourinary Cancer Apr 2017Carcinoma of the penis is a rare tumor in the United States and in western European countries. Clinical management has become more complex in recent years, because... (Review)
Review
Carcinoma of the penis is a rare tumor in the United States and in western European countries. Clinical management has become more complex in recent years, because organ-preserving strategies are being favored. Furthermore, our understanding of the pathogenesis of this malignancy has grown considerably. As a result of these developments, the demands on the pathology reports of surgical specimens from the penis have increased. There are also some peculiarities with the current World Health Organization and TNM classification systems of penile cancer as compared with other tumor entities. This review outlines the most relevant aspects that have to be considered in the pathologic handling and typing of penile carcinoma.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Male; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasm Staging; Penile Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 27594553
DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.08.003 -
Internal and Emergency Medicine Oct 2018
Topics: Amputation, Surgical; Carcinoma; Depression; Humans; Male; Penis; Self-Injurious Behavior
PubMed: 29943166
DOI: 10.1007/s11739-018-1899-6 -
Ceskoslovenska Patologie 2022Similarly to testicular tumors, key changes on penile and scrotal neoplasia were incorporated into WHO classification 2016. Therein, penile squamous cell carcinomas were...
Similarly to testicular tumors, key changes on penile and scrotal neoplasia were incorporated into WHO classification 2016. Therein, penile squamous cell carcinomas were divided into two groups based on the pathogenesis, namely HPV-associated and HPV-independent. This remains unchanged in WHO classification 2022. For those carcinomas where HPV status can not be determined, a category of squamous cell carcinoma NOS was added. Variants of squamous cell carcinoma, namely basaloid, papillary-basaloid, warty, warty-basaloid, clear cell and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas are not recognized as distinctive variants of HPV-associated group anymore. Similarly, squamous cell carcinoma, usual type, pseudohyperplastic, pseudoglandular, verrucous carcinoma, carcinoma cunniculatum, papillary, adenosquamous, sarcomatoid and mixed carcinoma are no more not recognized as distinctive variants of HPV-independent carcinomas. Instead, these variants are now called subtypes. Some previously distinct subtypes now belong to the morphological spectrum of other subtypes. Basaloid-papillary subtype belongs to basaloid squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoma cunniculatum is currently recognized as morphological variation of verrucous carcinoma. Pseudohyperplastic and mixed subtypes were removed from the classification. Adenosquamous carcinoma is currently termed adenosquamous and mucoepidermoid carcinoma and represents distinct entity. Precursor lesions of squamous cell carcinoma underwent substantial modifications in the WHO classification 2016 as well, and remain unchanged in WHO classification 2022. Terminology for HPV - induced lesions have been unified to low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). This classification applies to the whole anogenital area, including penis, anus, perianal region, vulva, vagina and uterine cervix. LSIL is further divided to condyloma accuminatum and (penile) intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (PeIN1), HSIL is divided to PeIN2 and PeIN3. Penile HPV-independent precursor lesions are named differrentiated penile intraepitelial neoplasia (dPeIN) and are identical to analogous lesions on vulva.
Topics: Male; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Scrotum; Penile Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Penis; Carcinoma, Verrucous; World Health Organization
PubMed: 36513504
DOI: No ID Found -
International Urogynecology Journal Feb 2016Accurate diagnosis of a wide spectrum of urethral/periurethral pathologies in women remains challenging due to its anatomical location and nonspecific clinical... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS
Accurate diagnosis of a wide spectrum of urethral/periurethral pathologies in women remains challenging due to its anatomical location and nonspecific clinical presentations. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the modality of choice for diagnosing female urethral and periurethral pathologies due to its multiplanar scanning capability, superior soft tissue differentiation, noninvasive nature, and overall excellent contrast resolution.
METHODS
In this narrative review, we describe the use of MRI to visualize the female urethra and periurethral pathologies.
RESULTS
MRI can confidently characterize lesions into cystic or solid, provide a more succinct differential diagnosis, and in some cases provide a specific and accurate diagnosis, enabling surgeons to prepare a roadmap before operative procedure. Moreover, functional MRI can be useful to assess dynamic disorders such as urethral hypermobility.
CONCLUSIONS
We provide a comprehensive review of normal MR anatomy of the female urethra, as well as the MR features of practically important urethral and periurethral lesions.
Topics: Cysts; Diverticulum; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Urethra; Urethral Diseases; Urethral Neoplasms
PubMed: 26209954
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-015-2790-x -
Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease Jul 2019The aim of the study was to review uncommon foreskin dermatopathology conditions clinically and pathologically.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to review uncommon foreskin dermatopathology conditions clinically and pathologically.
METHODS
A database search of PubMed and Google Scholar were extracted between March 1, 2009, and March 1, 2019, using the search terms "foreskin," "prepuce," "penis," "pathology," "dermatology," and "rare." The search was limited to "humans" and "dermatopathology." Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles. Patient details (diagnosis, dermatopathology, treatment, and follow-up if available) were extracted. We excluded articles written in the non-English language, unusual variants of common conditions, and cases of common dermatologic conditions.
RESULTS
A list of 369 articles was identified and another screening identified 30 articles for rare foreskin pathologies. Those are divided into categories based on the following etiologies: (a) benign, including congenital (e.g., aposthia), infectious (graft versus host disease and histoplasma), autoimmune (Crohn's disease and pyoderma gangrenosum), and benign neoplasms (neurofibroma, apocrine hidrocystoma, verruciform xanthoma, porokeratosis, penile cutaneous horn, localized amyloidosis) and (b) malignancies, including primary (myeloid sarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma), and metastasis.
CONCLUSIONS
We reviewed and discussed unusual benign and malignant dermatopathology conditions that can affect the foreskin.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Autoimmune Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis; Foreskin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Penile Neoplasms
PubMed: 31149956
DOI: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000478 -
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology May 2015Distal urethral carcinomas are very rare and are similar in their pathology and behaviour to tumours of the glans penis and foreskin. Similarly they are associated with... (Review)
Review
Distal urethral carcinomas are very rare and are similar in their pathology and behaviour to tumours of the glans penis and foreskin. Similarly they are associated with penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) of both differentiated and undifferentiated types. Current management is mainly surgical, but increasingly involves specialist penile-preserving techniques. Handling and dissection of the specimens is broadly the same as other primary penile tumours. The prognosis of distal urethral lesions is believed to be worse than penile tumours and better than prostatic urethral tumours, but the evidence is sparse. The staging system for urethral tumours does not distinguish between proximal and distal, apart from prostatic urethra, and has led to much confusion in the literature. Although the subtypes of tumours seen in the distal urethra are the same as those on the glans and foreskin, there is an increased proportion of basaloid squamous carcinoma and malignant melanoma whereas the majority of tumours seen in the proximal and prostatic urethra are of urothelial origin. In future, distal urethral tumours should be separately designated with site-specific staging/TNM and reporting system and pathologically classified in the same way as penile and foreskin tumours. Ultimately, this will improve the quality of data and produce evidence to inform management.
Topics: Humans; Male; Penis; Urethral Neoplasms
PubMed: 25656527
DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2014.12.015 -
Nature Reviews. Urology Sep 2018Invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is almost always treated with surgical therapy at the primary site. However, almost all other SCC primary sites, such... (Review)
Review
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is almost always treated with surgical therapy at the primary site. However, almost all other SCC primary sites, such as anal, vulvar, uterine cervix, head and neck, and oesophagus, and their involved nodal basins, can be successfully treated with radiotherapy or combined chemotherapy and radiation, reserving surgery as a salvage option. Review of the penile cancer literature and examination of data from more common SCC primary sites make a case for complete organ preservation of the penis using definitive combined chemotherapy and radiation, reserving surgical therapies as salvage options.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Chemoradiotherapy; Humans; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Penile Neoplasms; Prognosis; Salvage Therapy; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29950592
DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0040-y