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Endocrine Reviews Nov 2021Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the 1980s. This article reviews the main findings... (Review)
Review
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the 1980s. This article reviews the main findings of the past 20 years on the regulation of the expression of AMH and its specific receptor AMHR2 by granulosa cells, the mechanism of action of AMH, the different roles it plays in the reproductive organs, its clinical utility, and its involvement in the principal pathological conditions affecting women. The findings in respect of regulation tell us that AMH and AMHR2 expression is mainly regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins, gonadotropins, and estrogens. It has now been established that AMH regulates the different steps of folliculogenesis and that it has neuroendocrine effects. On the other hand, the importance of serum AMH as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and as a useful tool in the prediction of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian failure has also been acknowledged. Last but not least, a large body of evidence points to the involvement of AMH in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Topics: Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Female; Granulosa Cells; Humans; Peptide Hormones; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Reproduction
PubMed: 33851994
DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab012 -
Revista Clinica Espanola Mar 2023Among the substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency, "peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics" are classified as prohibited both... (Review)
Review
Among the substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency, "peptide hormones, growth factors, related substances, and mimetics" are classified as prohibited both in- and out-of-competition in section S2. This work reviews growth hormone and its releasing peptides, insulin-like growth factor 1 as the main growth factor, insulin, and erythropoietin and other agents that affect erythropoiesis. This review analyzes the prevalence of use among professional athletes and gym clients, the forms of use, dosing, ergogenic effects and effects on physical performance, as well as side effects and anti-doping detection methods.
Topics: Humans; Growth Hormone; Insulin; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Human Growth Hormone; Erythropoietin; Epoetin Alfa; Insulin, Regular, Human; Doping in Sports
PubMed: 36736729
DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2023.01.005 -
Neurotherapeutics : the Journal of the... Jan 2018The complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is finely orchestrated by different systems, including the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and... (Review)
Review
The complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is finely orchestrated by different systems, including the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems. Moreover, increasing evidence supports the role of the microbiome and microbiota-derived molecules in regulating such interactions; however, the mechanisms underpinning such effects are only beginning to be resolved. Microbiota-gut peptide interactions are poised to be of great significance in the regulation of gut-brain signaling. Given the emerging role of the gut-brain axis in a variety of brain disorders, such as anxiety and depression, it is important to understand the contribution of bidirectional interactions between peptide hormones released from the gut and intestinal bacteria in the context of this axis. Indeed, the gastrointestinal tract is the largest endocrine organ in mammals, secreting dozens of different signaling molecules, including peptides. Gut peptides in the systemic circulation can bind cognate receptors on immune cells and vagus nerve terminals thereby enabling indirect gut-brain communication. Gut peptide concentrations are not only modulated by enteric microbiota signals, but also vary according to the composition of the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we will discuss the gut microbiota as a regulator of anxiety and depression, and explore the role of gut-derived peptides as signaling molecules in microbiome-gut-brain communication. Here, we summarize the potential interactions of the microbiota with gut hormones and endocrine peptides, including neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide, corticotropin-releasing factor, oxytocin, and ghrelin in microbiome-to-brain signaling. Together, gut peptides are important regulators of microbiota-gut-brain signaling in health and stress-related psychiatric illnesses.
Topics: Anxiety; Brain; Cholecystokinin; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Depression; Endocrine System; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Neuropeptide Y; Oxytocin; Peptide Hormones
PubMed: 29134359
DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0585-0 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2020The hormonal fluctuations in pregnancy drive a wide range of adaptive changes in the maternal brain. These range from specific neurophysiological changes in the patterns... (Review)
Review
The hormonal fluctuations in pregnancy drive a wide range of adaptive changes in the maternal brain. These range from specific neurophysiological changes in the patterns of activity of individual neuronal populations, through to complete modification of circuit characteristics leading to fundamental changes in behavior. From a neurologic perspective, the key hormone changes are those of the sex steroids, estradiol and progesterone, secreted first from the ovary and then from the placenta, the adrenal glucocorticoid cortisol, as well as the anterior pituitary peptide hormone prolactin and its pregnancy-specific homolog placental lactogen. All of these hormones are markedly elevated during pregnancy and cross the blood-brain barrier to exert actions on neuronal populations through receptors expressed in specific regions. Many of the hormone-induced changes are in autonomic or homeostatic systems. For example, patterns of oxytocin and prolactin secretion are dramatically altered to support novel physiological functions. Appetite is increased and feedback responses to metabolic hormones such as leptin and insulin are suppressed to promote a positive energy balance. Fundamental physiological systems such as glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation are modified to optimize conditions for fetal development. In addition to these largely autonomic changes, there are also changes in mood, behavior, and higher processes such as cognition. This chapter summarizes the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy and reviews how these changes impact on brain function, drawing on examples from animal research, as well as available information about human pregnancy.
Topics: Animals; Cognition; Female; Humans; Insulin; Leptin; Placenta; Pregnancy; Prolactin
PubMed: 32736755
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64239-4.00002-3 -
Cell Apr 2016Hepatic glucose release into the circulation is vital for brain function and survival during periods of fasting and is modulated by an array of hormones that precisely...
Hepatic glucose release into the circulation is vital for brain function and survival during periods of fasting and is modulated by an array of hormones that precisely regulate plasma glucose levels. We have identified a fasting-induced protein hormone that modulates hepatic glucose release. It is the C-terminal cleavage product of profibrillin, and we name it Asprosin. Asprosin is secreted by white adipose, circulates at nanomolar levels, and is recruited to the liver, where it activates the G protein-cAMP-PKA pathway, resulting in rapid glucose release into the circulation. Humans and mice with insulin resistance show pathologically elevated plasma asprosin, and its loss of function via immunologic or genetic means has a profound glucose- and insulin-lowering effect secondary to reduced hepatic glucose release. Asprosin represents a glucogenic protein hormone, and therapeutically targeting it may be beneficial in type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, White; Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibodies; Circadian Rhythm; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; Fasting; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fibrillin-1; Glucose; Humans; Insulin; Liver; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Obese; Microfilament Proteins; Molecular Sequence Data; Peptide Fragments; Peptide Hormones; Progeria; Recombinant Proteins; Sequence Alignment
PubMed: 27087445
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063 -
Journal of Cellular Physiology Jul 2021Erythroferrone (ERFE) is the main erythroid regulator of hepcidin, the homeostatic hormone controlling plasma iron levels and total body iron. When the release of... (Review)
Review
Erythroferrone (ERFE) is the main erythroid regulator of hepcidin, the homeostatic hormone controlling plasma iron levels and total body iron. When the release of erythropoietin from the kidney stimulates the production of new red blood cells, it also increases the synthesis of ERFE in bone marrow erythroblasts. Increased ERFE then suppresses hepcidin synthesis, thereby mobilizing cellular iron stores for use in heme and hemoglobin synthesis. Recent mechanistic studies have shown that ERFE suppresses hepcidin transcription by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein signaling in hepatocytes. In ineffective erythropoiesis, pathological overproduction of ERFE by an expanded population of erythroblasts suppresses hepcidin and causes iron overload, even in non-transfused patients. ERFE may be a useful biomarker of ineffective erythropoiesis and an attractive target for treating its systemic effects.
Topics: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Erythroblasts; Erythropoiesis; Hepcidins; Homeostasis; Humans; Iron; Iron Overload; Peptide Hormones; Protein Conformation; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33372284
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30247 -
Endocrine Reviews Dec 2018Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as... (Review)
Review
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as an autocrine and paracrine signal, melatonin is centrally synthetized by a neuroendocrine organ, the pineal gland. Independently of the considered species, pineal hormone melatonin is always produced during the night and its production and secretory episode duration are directly dependent on the length of the night. As its production is tightly linked to the light/dark cycle, melatonin main hormonal systemic integrative action is to coordinate behavioral and physiological adaptations to the environmental geophysical day and season. The circadian signal is dependent on its daily production regularity, on the contrast between day and night concentrations, and on specially developed ways of action. During its daily secretory episode, melatonin coordinates the night adaptive physiology through immediate effects and primes the day adaptive responses through prospective effects that will only appear at daytime, when melatonin is absent. Similarly, the annual history of the daily melatonin secretory episode duration primes the central nervous/endocrine system to the seasons to come. Remarkably, maternal melatonin programs the fetuses' behavior and physiology to cope with the environmental light/dark cycle and season after birth. These unique ways of action turn melatonin into a biological time-domain-acting molecule. The present review focuses on the above considerations, proposes a putative classification of clinical melatonin dysfunctions, and discusses general guidelines to the therapeutic use of melatonin.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Melatonin; Peptide Hormones
PubMed: 30215696
DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00084 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Adipose tissue malfunction leads to altered adipokine secretion which might consequently contribute to an array of metabolic diseases spectrum including obesity,... (Review)
Review
Adipose tissue malfunction leads to altered adipokine secretion which might consequently contribute to an array of metabolic diseases spectrum including obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disorders. Asprosin is a novel diabetogenic adipokine classified as a caudamin hormone protein. This adipokine is released from white adipose tissue during fasting and elicits glucogenic and orexigenic effects. Although white adipose tissue is the dominant source for this multitask adipokine, other tissues also may produce asprosin such as salivary glands, pancreatic B-cells, and cartilage. Significantly, plasma asprosin levels link to glucose metabolism, lipid profile, insulin resistance (IR), and β-cell function. Indeed, asprosin exhibits a potent role in the metabolic process, induces hepatic glucose production, and influences appetite behavior. Clinical and preclinical research showed dysregulated levels of circulating asprosin in several metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), and several types of cancer. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the asprosin role in the etiology and pathophysiological manifestations of these conditions. Asprosin could be a promising candidate for both novel pharmacological treatment strategies and diagnostic tools, although developing a better understanding of its function and signaling pathways is still needed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Peptide Hormones; Glucose; Obesity; Adipokines
PubMed: 36686442
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1101091 -
Nature Medicine Dec 2017Asprosin is a recently discovered fasting-induced hormone that promotes hepatic glucose production. Here we demonstrate that asprosin in the circulation crosses the...
Asprosin is a recently discovered fasting-induced hormone that promotes hepatic glucose production. Here we demonstrate that asprosin in the circulation crosses the blood-brain barrier and directly activates orexigenic AgRP neurons via a cAMP-dependent pathway. This signaling results in inhibition of downstream anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-positive neurons in a GABA-dependent manner, which then leads to appetite stimulation and a drive to accumulate adiposity and body weight. In humans, a genetic deficiency in asprosin causes a syndrome characterized by low appetite and extreme leanness; this is phenocopied by mice carrying similar mutations and can be fully rescued by asprosin. Furthermore, we found that obese humans and mice had pathologically elevated concentrations of circulating asprosin, and neutralization of asprosin in the blood with a monoclonal antibody reduced appetite and body weight in obese mice, in addition to improving their glycemic profile. Thus, in addition to performing a glucogenic function, asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone that is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of both obesity and diabetes.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Appetite Depressants; Appetite Regulation; Female; Fibrillin-1; Humans; Hypothalamus; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Transgenic; Microfilament Proteins; Neurons; Peptide Fragments; Peptide Hormones; Rats; Signal Transduction; Young Adult
PubMed: 29106398
DOI: 10.1038/nm.4432 -
Endocrine Development 2017Ghrelin is a pleiotropic hormone, whose effect on growth hormone secretion, through the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor, is one of its many actions.... (Review)
Review
Ghrelin is a pleiotropic hormone, whose effect on growth hormone secretion, through the growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor, is one of its many actions. Relationships between GHS receptor gene variants and human height, both in healthy individuals and in patients with growth disorders have been identified. These include constitutional delay in growth and puberty, idiopathic short stature, and isolated growth hormone deficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of ghrelin in growth.
Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Body Height; Child; Child, Preschool; Genetic Variation; Ghrelin; Growth; Growth Disorders; Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Peptide Hormones; Puberty, Delayed; Receptors, Ghrelin; Sexual Maturation
PubMed: 28873385
DOI: 10.1159/000475732