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Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2021Perianal gland tumors are modified sebaceous glands present in the skin of the perianal region in the dog. Hormonal stimulation may induce hyperplasia of the perianal...
Perianal gland tumors are modified sebaceous glands present in the skin of the perianal region in the dog. Hormonal stimulation may induce hyperplasia of the perianal glands or their neoplastic progression. The presence of androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors have been demonstrated both in normal perianal glands as well as in perianal tumors. The aim of the study was an immunohistochemical assessment of the expression of estrogen and androgen receptors in perianal gland tumors in dogs as an applicatory marker for antihormonal treatment. Biopsy samples of perianal masses were collected from 41 male dogs. A histopathological examination revealed 24 adenomas, 12 epitheliomas and five carcinomas. The immunohistochemical staining showed a mainly nuclear expression of AR and ER in the neoplastic cells. Both the androgen and estrogen receptors were expressed in adenoma, epithelioma and carcinoma cases; however, the highest expression of the receptors was stated in the adenoma and epithelioma. In the case of the carcinoma, the expression of sex hormone receptors was very weak. The differences of the number of cells expressing AR and ER as well as the observed differentiated intensity of staining in the studies demonstrated that the determination of the expression of the sex hormone receptors may be useful to elaborate a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm.
PubMed: 33808541
DOI: 10.3390/ani11030875 -
Cureus May 2021Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare form of cancer that involves skin areas rich in apocrine glands. The common sites of occurrence include the vulva, perianal...
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare form of cancer that involves skin areas rich in apocrine glands. The common sites of occurrence include the vulva, perianal region, perineum, and axilla. Perianal Paget disease (PPD) is a subset of EMPD, which arises in the perianal skin. The disease commonly presents with a thickened plaque-like lesion with erythema or white scaly appearance. It is generally classified into two categories based on the origin of the tumor cells: (1) primary PPD if the tumor arises from intraepidermal cells and (2) secondary PPD if cancer originates from the underlying colorectal or urinary tract neoplasm. Due to its rarity, only a few sporadic case reports have been published in the literature, and treatment methods are yet to be standardized. In light of this, we report two PPD cases with different etiopathogenesis and staging: one involved only the perianal skin without regional or metastatic disease, and was not accompanied by visceral adenocarcinomas although there was a previous history of sigmoid adenocarcinoma; the other was probably secondary to an anal canal tumor spreading with disseminated disease involving the perianal and perineum area with bilateral inguinal, pelvic lymph node, and liver metastasis. The treatment plans and the outcomes of both cases were necessarily different from each other.
PubMed: 34168927
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15161 -
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Jul 2018Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, recurring, idiopathic disease which is associated with imbalanced mucosal immune response, manifesting as a chronic inflammation of... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, recurring, idiopathic disease which is associated with imbalanced mucosal immune response, manifesting as a chronic inflammation of any location throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The purpose of currently available therapy is to suppress the heightened immune response. However, these treatments have no direct influence on the healing process of damaged tissues. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy may represent a new alternative solution in both luminal and fistulizing CD, as it is able to inhibit the inflammation and promote the regeneration process at the same time.
AREAS COVERED
Aim of this review is to summarize the existing clinical data about the clinical impact of MSC therapy in luminal and perianal fistulizing CD.
EXPERT OPINION
Clinical trials demonstrated that MSC transplantation has an outstanding, durable efficacy with low fistula recurrence in biological therapy-refractory fistulizing CD; however, further clinical trials are required to confirm its effectiveness in luminal CD. Unlike to biological therapy, MSCs are able to promote the regeneration process of damaged tissues as well. This additional benefit besides their sustained immunosuppressive effect with no decrease of efficiency over time makes MSCs a new, highly potential therapeutic approach in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.
Topics: Animals; Crohn Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Fistula; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Perianal Glands; Rectal Fistula; Wound Healing
PubMed: 29939815
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1492543 -
Veterinary World Oct 2022Hepatoid gland neoplasms (HGNs) constitute one of the most common cutaneous tumors that arise from perianal glands in dogs and are clinically characterized by rapid...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Hepatoid gland neoplasms (HGNs) constitute one of the most common cutaneous tumors that arise from perianal glands in dogs and are clinically characterized by rapid growth. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the inducible form of the enzyme, is associated with several hallmarks of tumorigenesis. Its expression has been confirmed in several human and animal neoplastic tissues, but there are no reports in hepatoid gland tissues. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate COX-2 immunoexpression in canine HGNs, compare the expression among groups of normal hepatoid glands, hepatoid gland adenomas (HGAs), hepatoid gland epitheliomas (HGEs), and hepatoid gland carcinomas (HGCs), and assess the association of the COX-2 expression with clinicopathological features.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-one formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded canine hepatoid gland tissues (20 samples of HGAs, 16 of HGEs, 15 of HGCs, and 10 of normal hepatoid glands) were analyzed for COX-2 expression using immunohistochemistry with scoring for percentage positivity and intensity. Multiple comparisons of COX-2 expression among normal and neoplastic hepatoid glands and the associations between COX-2 expression and clinicopathological features were analyzed.
RESULTS
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was not detected in 60% of normal hepatoid glands and 25% of HGAs. Seventy-five percent of HGAs had a weak expression, while 43.7% and 56.3% of HGEs showed weak and moderate expression, respectively. The expression of HGCs ranged from weak (13.3%) to moderate (33.3%) and strong (53.3%). The immunoreactivity score of COX-2 labeling was significantly different among the normal and neoplastic hepatoid glands (p < 0.0001). The highest score was observed in the HGCs. Only in HGCs, the strong COX-2 expression was significantly associated with some clinicopathological features, including tissue invasion (p = 0.007) and necrosis (p = 0.029).
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that COX-2 may play a role in the modulation of neoplastic cell growth. These preliminary data lead to further investigation on the potential of COX-2 expression as a prognostic indicator and COX-2 inhibitors for canine HGCs treatment.
PubMed: 36425143
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2432-2441 -
American Journal of Physical... Aug 2018Sexual selection has seemingly influenced chemical communication in numerous non-human primates, although it is unclear whether it has influenced strictly pair-living...
OBJECTIVES
Sexual selection has seemingly influenced chemical communication in numerous non-human primates, although it is unclear whether it has influenced strictly pair-living and pair-bonded taxa. The physical similarities between male and female owl monkeys suggest that disruptive selection has not played a role in this taxon. However, given their nocturnality, olfactory traits may show differing patterns of sexual selection than visual traits. If sexual selection has influenced chemical communication in owl monkeys, we expect larger scent glands and greater scent-marking in females given the high degree of paternal care, as has been proposed for callitrichines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We evaluated sex differences in the qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the subcaudal and perianal glandular regions of captive male (n = 39) and female (n = 36) owl monkeys (A. nancymaae), and in the olfactory behaviors performed within breeding pairs (n = 16).
RESULTS
Males had larger areas of secretion retained in the hairs covering the subcaudal gland, and females had more and darker secretion than males covering the perianal region. Males inspected the genital region of their partners more frequently than females did, but the sexes did not differ much in other investigative and marking behaviors.
DISCUSSION
The observed sex differences and variation in olfactory traits are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual selection has influenced chemical communication in owl monkeys, with males having larger subcaudal glands and spending more time investigating odors. Still, sex differences in monogamous owl monkeys were less extreme than those in other, non-monogamous, taxa.
Topics: Animals; Anthropology, Physical; Aotidae; Behavior, Animal; Bodily Secretions; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Scent Glands; Sex Characteristics; Smell
PubMed: 29719049
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23487 -
Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia Jan 2024The African straw-coloured fruit Bat, Eidolon helvum, is a Yinpterochiroptera bat that is of public health and ecological importance. This study investigated the light...
The African straw-coloured fruit Bat, Eidolon helvum, is a Yinpterochiroptera bat that is of public health and ecological importance. This study investigated the light microscopic morphology, morphometry and histochemistry of the skin and its glands across the cheek, withers, croup, ventral abdomen, perianal region, wing membrane, intercrural membrane and foot pad of the species. Sweat glands were absent and hypodermis was observed only in the withers, croup and ventral abdomen. The croup had the highest density of hair follicles while the perianal region had the highest density of sebaceous gland acini. The thicknesses of the dermis and epidermis were significantly high in the withers and foot pad respectively. Hair follicles and sebaceous glands were absent in the wing membrane. The sebaceous glands had melanin pigmentation at the periphery and stained positive to Alcian Blue-periodic acid Schiff at the withers and ventral abdomen. Epidermal and dermal thicknesses reported in this study were generally higher than those of Yangochiroptera bats and the presence of sebaceous glands and hair follicles in the wing membrane were variable in different bat species. This study has provided baseline information on the light microscopic morphology and morphometry of the skin and its glands across the various body regions in the African straw-coloured fruit bat. This information would be helpful in the understanding, handling, skin disease treatment and management of the bat in captivity for biomedical research purposes.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Croup; Histocytochemistry
PubMed: 37987196
DOI: 10.1111/ahe.13003 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) May 2018To better understand the cellular origins and differentiation of anal canal epithelial neoplasms, the immunohistochemical profiles of the anal canal epithelium in humans... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
To better understand the cellular origins and differentiation of anal canal epithelial neoplasms, the immunohistochemical profiles of the anal canal epithelium in humans and swine were evaluated. Formalin-fixed tissue sections were immunostained for mucin (MUC: MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B), desmoglein 3 (DGS3), p63, CDX2, SOX2, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The anal transitional zone (ATZ) epithelium covered the anal sinus and consisted of a stratified epithelium with mucous cells interspersed within the surface lining. Anal glands opened into the anal sinus. Ducts and acini of intraepithelial or periepithelial mucous type were the main structures of human anal glands, whereas those of swine were compound tubuloacinar mixed glands. Distal to the ATZ epithelium, non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium merged with the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the perianal skin. MUC5AC expression predominated over MUC5B expression in the ATZ epithelium, while MUC5B expression was higher in the anal glands. SOX2 was positive in the ATZ epithelium, anal glands, and squamous epithelium except in the perianal skin. In humans, DGS3 was expressed in the ATZ epithelium, anal gland ducts, and squamous epithelium. p63 was detected in the ATZ epithelium, anal glands, and squamous epithelium. Myoepithelial cells positive for α-SMA and p63 were present in the anal glands of swine. Colorectal columnar cells were MUC5B /MUC2 /CDX2 /MUC5AC /SOX2 . The ATZ epithelium seems to be a distinctive epithelium, with morphological and functional features allowing smooth defecation. The MUC5AC /SOX2 /MUC2 /CDX2 profile of the ATZ epithelium and anal glands is a useful feature for diagnosing adenocarcinoma arising from these regions. Anat Rec, 301:796-805, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Actins; Anal Canal; Animals; CDX2 Transcription Factor; Desmoglein 3; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Intestinal Mucosa; Mucins; SOXB1 Transcription Factors; Swine
PubMed: 29232767
DOI: 10.1002/ar.23748 -
Cureus Sep 2023Endometriosis is the presence of uterine glands and stroma outside of the uterus. It is highly prevalent in women of reproductive age. It is usually found in the pelvis,...
Endometriosis is the presence of uterine glands and stroma outside of the uterus. It is highly prevalent in women of reproductive age. It is usually found in the pelvis, with most cases being found on the peritoneum, ovaries, or deep in the pelvis. Extraperitoneal endometriosis is uncommon. Perianal endometriosis has an incidence of only 0.2%. We present the case of a 37-year-old woman with recurrent pain and swelling in the perineum at the site of a previous episiotomy scar. Initial imaging and assessment determined this to be scar tissue. Following re-presentation, it was mistakenly diagnosed as a perianal abscess, and the patient underwent incision and drainage. The wound failed to heal with significant induration. Further assessment of the wound was undertaken under general anesthesia. An excision of the affected area was performed, with histological analysis confirming endometriosis. This case highlights that extra-peritoneal endometriosis is a rare but treatable cause of recurrent, cyclical pelvic pain and swelling in the perineum. A high index of clinical suspicion is required due to its ability to mimic other pathologies, including abscesses and cysts. The primary management of perianal endometriosis is surgical excision. Where complete excision is not possible, medical management with hormone therapy should be considered.
PubMed: 37809144
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44840 -
Dermatology Online Journal Oct 2021Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (FSCH) is a benign lesion that presents as a solitary papule or nodule that typically affects the face and scalp of adults. A few...
Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma (FSCH) is a benign lesion that presents as a solitary papule or nodule that typically affects the face and scalp of adults. A few reports have observed a congenital presentation. We present an infant boy exhibiting a tumor with overlap features between an FSCH and fibrofolliculoma in the perianal region that was first noticed at 6 months of age. The histological examination showed a hamartomatous benign proliferation of hair follicles and disordered sebaceous glands, which is consistent with the infundibular structures and radiating sebaceous glands that are typically observed in previously reported cases of FSCH. Sebaceous differentiation is a hallmark feature of FSCH. Folliculosebaceous cystic hamartoma is believed to be a late-stage form of trichofolliculoma (TF). Another consideration is that FSCH and TF are two distinct entities set apart by their degree of sebaceous or follicular differentiation and development of the mesenchymal stroma.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Follicular Cyst; Hair Follicle; Hamartoma; Humans; Infant; Male; Neoplasms, Basal Cell; Perineum; Sebaceous Glands; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 35130389
DOI: 10.5070/D3271055628 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Jun 2023Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare cutaneous malignancy affecting areas with a high concentration of apocrine glands. The authors present a 77-year-old male followed...
Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare cutaneous malignancy affecting areas with a high concentration of apocrine glands. The authors present a 77-year-old male followed in the General Surgery consultation due to anal pruritus complaints with an evolution of around 20 years and recent lower gastrointestinal bleeding. A colonoscopy was requested and the patient was observed by Gastroenterology team in this context. The objective examination showed an erythematous-whitish plaque with well-defined, slightly exudative and verrucous limits in the perianal region. Definitive diagnosis was possible by biopsy of the referred lesion carried out by Dermatology, and the histological findings were compatible with Paget's disease: intraepithelial infiltration by large atypical neoplastic cells and hypochromic halo and positive immunostaining for cytokeratin 7. Perianal Paget's disease, often underdiagnosed, may be associated with colorectal neoplasms. We present this case due to its rarity, in order to draw attention to this diagnosis.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; Paget Disease, Extramammary; Adenocarcinoma; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36177816
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2022.9224/2022