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Journal of Oral Science 2017Orthodontic tooth movement is accompanied by inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament. Chemical mediators such as interleukin-1β have key roles in nociception... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic tooth movement is accompanied by inflammatory responses in the periodontal ligament. Chemical mediators such as interleukin-1β have key roles in nociception around teeth. Such nociceptive inputs to the periodontal ligament continue for several days and potentially induce plastic changes in higher brain regions, including the cerebral cortex. This review summarizes research on orthodontic treatment-induced modulation of neural activities in the central nervous system. Furthermore, we describe our recent findings on the spatiotemporal effects of orthodontic treatment in the somatosensory and insular cortices.
Topics: Central Nervous System; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Nociception; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 28637973
DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0847 -
Advanced Healthcare Materials Jan 2021Clinical evidence indicates that in physiological and therapeutic conditions a continuous remodeling of the tooth root cementum and the periodontal apparatus is required... (Review)
Review
Clinical evidence indicates that in physiological and therapeutic conditions a continuous remodeling of the tooth root cementum and the periodontal apparatus is required to maintain tissue strength, to prevent damage, and to secure teeth anchorage. Within the tooth's surrounding tissues, tooth root cementum and the periodontal ligament are the key regulators of a functional tissue homeostasis. While the root cementum anchors the periodontal fibers to the tooth root, the periodontal ligament itself is the key regulator of tissue resorption, the remodeling process, and mechanical signal transduction. Thus, a balanced crosstalk of both tissues is mandatory for maintaining the homeostasis of this complex system. However, the mechanobiological mechanisms that shape the remodeling process and the interaction between the tissues are largely unknown. In recent years, numerous 2D and 3D in vitro models have sought to mimic the physiological and pathophysiological conditions of periodontal tissue. They have been proposed to unravel the underlying nature of the cell-cell and the cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The present review provides an overview of recent in vitro models and relevant biomaterials used to enhance the understanding of periodontal crosstalk and aims to provide a scientific basis for advanced regenerative strategies.
Topics: Extracellular Matrix; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Tooth; Tooth Root
PubMed: 33191670
DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001269 -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Feb 2021Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and... (Review)
Review
Scaling and root planning is a key element in the mechanical therapy used for the eradication of biofilm, which is the major etiological factor for periodontitis and peri-implantitis. However, periodontitis is also a host mediated disease, therefore, removal of the biofilm without adjunctive therapy may not achieve the desired clinical outcome due to persistent activation of the innate and adaptive immune cells. Most recently, even the resident cells of the periodontium, including periodontal ligament fibroblasts, have been shown to produce several inflammatory factors in response to bacterial challenge. With increased understanding of the pathophysiology of periodontitis, more research is focusing on opposing excessive inflammation with specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). This review article covers the major limitations of current standards of care for periodontitis and peri-implantitis, and it highlights recent advances and prospects of SPMs in the context of tissue reconstruction and regeneration. Here, we focus primarily on the role of SPMs in restoring tissue homeostasis after periodontal infection.
Topics: Dental Implants; Humans; Inflammation; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 33565133
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12759 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2016With the march of time our bodies start to wear out: eyesight fades, skin loses its elasticity, teeth and bones become more brittle and injuries heal more slowly. These... (Review)
Review
With the march of time our bodies start to wear out: eyesight fades, skin loses its elasticity, teeth and bones become more brittle and injuries heal more slowly. These universal features of aging can be traced back to our stem cells. Aging has a profound effect on stem cells: DNA mutations naturally accumulate over time and our bodies have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to remove these damaged cells. Whilst obviously beneficial, this repair mechanism also reduces the pool of available stem cells and this, in turn, has a dramatic effect on tissue homeostasis and on our rate of healing. Simply put: fewer stem cells means a decline in tissue function and slower healing. Despite this seemingly intractable situation, research over the past decade now demonstrates that some of the effects of aging are reversible. Nobel prize-winning research demonstrates that old cells can become young again, and lessons learned from these experiments-in-a-dish are now being translated into human therapies. Scientists and clinicians around the world are identifying and characterizing methods to activate stem cells to reinvigorate the body's natural regenerative process. If this research in dental regenerative medicine pans out, the end result will be tissue homeostasis and healing back to the levels we appreciated when we were young.
Topics: Aging; Alveolar Bone Loss; Animals; Bone Regeneration; Dental Cementum; Humans; Mutation; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Regeneration; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27501489
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12127 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Feb 2023Periodontitis is a high prevalence oral disease which damages both the hard and soft tissue of the periodontium, resulting in tooth mobility and even loss. Existing... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a high prevalence oral disease which damages both the hard and soft tissue of the periodontium, resulting in tooth mobility and even loss. Existing clinical treatment methods cannot fully achieve periodontal tissue regeneration; thus, due to the unique characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), they have become the focus of attention and may be the most promising new therapy for periodontitis. Accumulating evidence supports the view that the role of MSCs in regenerative medicine is mainly achieved by the paracrine pathway rather than direct proliferation and differentiation at the injured site. Various cells release lipid-enclosed particles known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are rich in bioactive substances. In periodontitis, EVs play a pivotal role in regulating the biological functions of both periodontal tissue cells and immune cells, as well as the local microenvironment, thereby promoting periodontal injury repair and tissue regeneration. As a cell-free therapy, MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have some preponderance on stability, immune rejection, ethical supervision, and other problems; therefore, they may have a broad clinical application prospect. Herein, we gave a brief introduction to MSC-EVs and focused on their mechanisms and clinical application in periodontal regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Extracellular Vesicles; Periodontium; Periodontitis; Periodontal Ligament; Mesenchymal Stem Cells
PubMed: 36782259
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03242-6 -
The Journal of Contemporary Dental... Jul 2020To illustrate, with two clinical cases of endoperiodontal lesions, the clinical application of the new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and...
AIM
To illustrate, with two clinical cases of endoperiodontal lesions, the clinical application of the new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions.
BACKGROUND
The endodont and the periodont are two entities that communicate with each other through physiological communication channels (apical foramen, lateral and secondary canals, and dentinal tubules) resulting in close anatomical and functional interaction. An endoperiodontal lesion is defined by pathological communication between the endodontic and periodontal tissues in a given tooth, according to the definition given by the new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions from the work of the Chicago Consensus Conference in 2017. This new classification differentiates the lesions with and without root damage. Diagnosis and therapeutic strategy will be analyzed through two clinical cases.
REVIEW RESULTS
The clinical cases we presented show that the treatment of these lesions must involve endodontic and periodontal management due to the intimate relationship between the tooth and periodontium.
CONCLUSION
The classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions provides a clinical focus on endoperiodontal lesions, based on signs and symptoms that have a direct effect on the prognosis and the treatment of the tooth. The pathological communication between the endodont and the periodontium complicates the management of the involved tooth.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Chicago's new classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions offers an up-to-date vision of periodontal lesions management and highlights the intimate links between endodontic and periodontal tissues.
Topics: Chicago; Humans; Peri-Implantitis; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium
PubMed: 33020366
DOI: No ID Found -
Stem Cells and Development Aug 2019Several therapeutic strategies are currently in development for severe periodontitis and other associated chronic inflammatory diseases. Guided tissue regeneration of... (Review)
Review
Several therapeutic strategies are currently in development for severe periodontitis and other associated chronic inflammatory diseases. Guided tissue regeneration of the periodontium is based on surgical implantation of natural or synthetic polymers conditioned as membranes, injectable biomaterials (hydrogels), or three-dimensional (3D) matrices. Combinations of biomaterials with bioactive factors represent the next generation of regenerative strategy. Cell delivery strategy based on scaffold-cell constructs showed potential in periodontitis treatment. Bioengineering of periodontal tissues using cell sheets and genetically modified stem cells is currently proposed to complete existing (pre)clinical procedures for periodontal regeneration. 3D structures can be built using computer-assisted manufacturing technologies to improve the implant architecture effect on new tissue formation. The aim of this review was to summarize the advantages and drawbacks of biomimetic composite matrices used as biomaterials for periodontal tissue engineering. Their conditioning as two-dimensional or 3D scaffolds using conventional or emerging technologies was also discussed. Further biotechnologies are required for developing novel products tailored to stimulate periodontal regeneration. Additional preclinical studies will be useful to closely investigate the mechanisms and identify specific markers involved in cell-implant interactions, envisaging further clinical tests. Future therapeutic protocols will be developed based on these novel procedures and techniques.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal; Humans; Hydrogels; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 31020906
DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0016 -
Anatomical Science International Jan 2020The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a unique connective tissue mainly comprising collagen fiber bundles and cells between the roots of teeth and inner walls of the... (Review)
Review
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a unique connective tissue mainly comprising collagen fiber bundles and cells between the roots of teeth and inner walls of the alveolar-bone socket. PDL fiber bundles are arrayed between teeth and bone, with both ends embedded in the cementum or alveolar bone as Sharpey's fiber. These bundles, synthesized by PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs), form several distinct groups within the PDL which has important functions besides tooth anchoring including tooth nutrition, proprioception, sensory detection, homoeostasis, and repair of damaged tissue. However, little is known about how the regular-PDL fiber bundle arrays are formed, maintained, and remodeled over large distances from cementum to alveolar bone. Recently, novel instruments and 3D-imaging methods have been developed that have been applied to the investigation of hard tissues including the PDL. Work from our laboratory has revealed the three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure of PDLFs and PDL collagen bundles by focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope tomography. We have shown that PDLFs have a flat shape with long processes or a wing-like shape, while PDL bundles are a multiple-branched structure wrapped in thin sheets of PDLF cytoplasm. Furthermore, PDLFs form an extensive cellular network between the cementum and alveolar bone. The PDL cellular network is presumed to synchronize PDL fiber bundles and regulate arrays of PDL fiber bundles via gap junctions. In this review, we summarize and discuss our current 3D-histomorphometric studies of the PDL at the mesoscale level.
Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Periodontal Ligament
PubMed: 31506855
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00502-5 -
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2024Periodontium is an important tooth-supporting tissue composed of both hard (alveolar bone and cementum) and soft (gingival and periodontal ligament) sections. Due to the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Periodontium is an important tooth-supporting tissue composed of both hard (alveolar bone and cementum) and soft (gingival and periodontal ligament) sections. Due to the multi-tissue architecture of periodontium, reconstruction of each part can be influenced by others. This review focuses on the bone section of the periodontium and presents the materials used in tissue engineering scaffolds for its reconstruction.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The following databases (2015 to 2021) were electronically searched: ProQuest, EMBASE, SciFinder, MRS Online Proceedings Library, Medline, and Compendex. The search was limited to English-language publications and studies.
RESULTS
Eighty-three articles were found in primary searching. After applying the inclusion criteria, seventeen articles were incorporated into this study.
CONCLUSION
In complex periodontal defects, various types of scaffolds, including multilayered ones, have been used for the functional reconstruction of different parts of periodontium. While there are some multilayered scaffolds designed to regenerate alveolar bone/periodontal ligament/cementum tissues of periodontium in a hierarchically organized construct, no scaffold could so far consider all four tissues involved in a complete periodontal defect. The progress and material considerations in the regeneration of the bony part of periodontium are presented in this work to help investigators develop tissue engineering scaffolds suitable for complete periodontal regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Tooth; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; Bone Regeneration
PubMed: 36578254
DOI: 10.2174/1574888X18666221227142055 -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Jun 2017The dynamic bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint consists of two adaptive functionally graded interfaces (FGI), the PDL-bone and PDL-cementum that respond... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The dynamic bone-periodontal ligament (PDL)-tooth fibrous joint consists of two adaptive functionally graded interfaces (FGI), the PDL-bone and PDL-cementum that respond to mechanical strain transmitted during mastication. In general, from a materials and mechanics perspective, FGI prevent catastrophic failure during prolonged cyclic loading. This review is a discourse of results gathered from literature to illustrate the dynamic adaptive nature of the fibrous joint in response to physiologic and pathologic simulated functions, and experimental tooth movement.
METHODS
Historically, studies have investigated soft to hard tissue transitions through analytical techniques that provided insights into structural, biochemical, and mechanical characterization methods. Experimental approaches included two dimensional to three dimensional advanced in situ imaging and analytical techniques. These techniques allowed mapping and correlation of deformations to physicochemical and mechanobiological changes within volumes of the complex subjected to concentric and eccentric loading regimes respectively.
RESULTS
Tooth movement is facilitated by mechanobiological activity at the interfaces of the fibrous joint and generates elastic discontinuities at these interfaces in response to eccentric loading. Both concentric and eccentric loads mediated cellular responses to strains, and prompted self-regulating mineral forming and resorbing zones that in turn altered the functional space of the joint.
SIGNIFICANCE
A multiscale biomechanics and mechanobiology approach is important for correlating joint function to tissue-level strain-adaptive properties with overall effects on joint form as related to physiologic and pathologic functions. Elucidating the shift in localization of biomolecules specifically at interfaces during development, function, and therapeutic loading of the joint is critical for developing "functional regeneration and adaptation" strategies with an emphasis on restoring physiologic joint function.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Dental Cementum; Hardness; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth
PubMed: 28476202
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.03.007