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Journal of Translational Medicine Feb 2023Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is biologically based on the spatiotemporal remodeling process in periodontium, the mechanisms of which remain obscure. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, play a pivotal role in maintaining periodontal homeostasis at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. Under force stimuli, mechanosensitive ncRNAs with altered expression levels transduce mechanical load to modulate intracellular genes. These ncRNAs regulate the biomechanical responses of periodontium in the catabolic, anabolic, and coupling phases throughout OTM. To achieve this, down or upregulated ncRNAs actively participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, inflammatory, immune, and neurovascular responses. This review highlights the regulatory mechanism of fine-tuning ncRNAs in periodontium remodeling during OTM, laying the foundation for safe, precise, and personalized orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Tooth Movement Techniques; Bone Remodeling; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 36759852
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-03951-9 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2019The goal of periodontal regeneration therapy is to reliably restore teeth's supporting periodontal tissue, while aiding the formation of new connective tissue attached... (Review)
Review
The goal of periodontal regeneration therapy is to reliably restore teeth's supporting periodontal tissue, while aiding the formation of new connective tissue attached to the periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers and new alveolar bone. Periostin is a matricellular protein, primarily expressed in the periosteum and PDL of adult mice. Its biological functions have been extensively studied in the fields of cardiovascular physiology and oncology. Despite being initially identified in bone and dental tissue, the function of Periostin in PDL and the pathophysiology associated with alveolar bone are scarcely studied. Recently, several studies have suggested that Periostin may be an important regulator of periodontal tissue formation. By promoting collagen fibrillogenesis and the migration of fibroblasts and osteoblasts, Periostin might play a key role in the regeneration of PDL and alveolar bone after periodontal surgery. In this chapter, the implications of Periostin in periodontal tissue biology and its potential use in periodontal tissue regeneration are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Humans; Mice; Osteoblasts; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Regeneration; Tooth
PubMed: 31037625
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-6657-4_7 -
Minerva Stomatologica Oct 2016Orthodontic tooth movement differs significantly from the physiological tooth movement, as it determines a biological response of the surrounding tissues of the teeth,... (Review)
Review
Orthodontic tooth movement differs significantly from the physiological tooth movement, as it determines a biological response of the surrounding tissues of the teeth, resulting in a remodelling of the periodontal ligament and the alveolar bone. The result is a biochemical adaptive response to the application of the orthodontic force with the reorganization of the intracellular and the extracellular matrix, in addition to a change of the local vascularization. This in turn leads to the synthesis and the release of arachidonic acid, growth factors, metabolites, cytokines and various enzymes. Biologically, not only the intensity of the force, but also its duration and the tissue response to the application of the same are important for tooth movement. Having these insights it will possible to examine the concept of optimal orthodontic force, a determining factor for the success of orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this revision was to describe the biological processes and future perspective of the application of orthodontic force, by providing relevant information to understand the changes at the molecular and cellular level occurring when the tissues are subjected to such forces. Knowledge on the subject of mechanics and biology in orthodontics is constantly growing, producing an increasingly strong basis for clinical success.
Topics: Adult; Alveolar Process; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Bone Remodeling; Cytokines; Dogs; Extracellular Matrix; Fibroblasts; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Prostaglandins; Stress, Mechanical; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 27580655
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Dec 2020The periodontal ligament (PDL), which surrounds the tooth root, contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The periodontal ligament (PDL), which surrounds the tooth root, contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, cementoblasts, and fibroblasts under normal conditions. These MSCs are thought to have important roles in the repair and regeneration of injured periodontal tissues. However, since there is no useful marker for MSCs in the PDL, the characteristics and distributions of these cells remain unclear. Gli1, an essential hedgehog signaling transcription factor, functions in undifferentiated cells during embryogenesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that the dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells positive for Gli1 in developing teeth have stem cell properties, including the ability to form colonies and pluripotency. Therefore, the focus of this review is the stem cell properties of Gli1-positive cells in the PDL, with an emphasis on the differentiation ability of osteoblasts for the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
HIGHLIGHT
Lineage tracing analysis identified Gli1-positive PDL cells as MSCs that contribute to the formation of periodontal tissues and can regenerate alveolar bone.
CONCLUSION
Gli1 is a potential stem cell marker in the PDL. A more definitive understanding of the functions of Gli1-positive cells could be useful for the development of regenerative methods using the MSCs in the PDL.
Topics: Dental Cementum; Hedgehog Proteins; Periodontal Ligament; Stem Cells; Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
PubMed: 32882366
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2020.08.002 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Aug 2021Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs... (Review)
Review
Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs have been identified, and they can be classified as intracellular, cell surface, pericellular, and extracellular PGs according to cellular locations. To illustrate, extracellular PGs are known for regulating the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; cell-surface PGs play a role in mediating cell adhesion and binding various growth factors. In the field of periodontology, PGs are implicated in cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, contractility, and anoikis, thereby exerting a profound influence on periodontal tissue development, wound repair, the immune response, biomechanics, and pathological process. Additionally, the expression patterns of some PGs are dynamic and cell-specific. Therefore, determining the roles and spatial-temporal expression patterns of PGs in the periodontium could shed light on treatments for wound healing, tissue regeneration, periodontitis, and gingival overgrowth. In this review, close attention is paid to the distributions, functions, and potential applications of periodontal PGs. Related genetically modified animal experiments and involved signal transduction cascades are summarized for improved understanding of periodontal PGs. To date, however, there is a large amount of speculation on this topic that requires rigorous experiments for validation.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Glycosaminoglycans; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontium; Proteoglycans
PubMed: 33458817
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12847 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease worldwide that can cause damage to periodontal supporting tissues including gingiva, bone, cementum and periodontal... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease worldwide that can cause damage to periodontal supporting tissues including gingiva, bone, cementum and periodontal ligament (PDL). The principle for the treatment of periodontitis is to control the inflammatory process. Achieving structural and functional regeneration of periodontal tissues is also essential and remains a major challenge. Though many technologies, products, and ingredients were applied in periodontal regeneration, most of the strategies have limited outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles with a lipid structure secreted by cells, containing a large number of biomolecules for the communication between cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of stem cell-derived EVs (SCEVs) and immune cell-derived EVs (ICEVs) on periodontal regeneration, which may be an alternative strategy for cell-based periodontal regeneration. The production of EVs is highly conserved among humans, bacteria and plants. In addition to eukaryocyte-derived EVs (CEVs), a growing body of literature suggests that bacterial/plant-derived EVs (BEVs/PEVs) also play an important role in periodontal homeostasis and regeneration. The purpose of this review is to introduce and summarize the potential therapeutic values of BEVs, CEVs and PEVs in periodontal regeneration, and discuss the current challenges and prospects for EV-based periodontal regeneration.
Topics: Humans; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Periodontal Ligament; Stem Cells; Extracellular Vesicles
PubMed: 36982864
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065790 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023The success of a prosthetic treatment is closely related to the periodontal health of the individual. The aim of this article was to review and present the importance of... (Review)
Review
The success of a prosthetic treatment is closely related to the periodontal health of the individual. The aim of this article was to review and present the importance of prosthetic restorative materials on the condition of the periodontium, the changes that occur in the composition of the subgingival microbiota and the levels of inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid. Articles on the influence of different prosthetic restorative materials on subgingival microbiota and proinflammatory cytokines were searched for using the keywords "prosthetic biomaterials", "fixed prosthesis", "periodontal health", "subgingival microbiota", "periodontal biomarkers" and "gingival crevicular fluid" in PubMed/Medline, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. The type of material used for prosthesis fabrication together with poor marginal and internal fit can result in changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota, as well as increased accumulation and retention of dentobacterial plaque, thus favoring the development of periodontal disease and prosthetic treatment failure. Biological markers have helped to understand the inflammatory response of different prosthetic materials on periodontal tissues with the main purpose of improving their clinical application in patients who need them. Metal-free ceramic prostheses induce a lower inflammatory response regardless of the fabrication method; however, the use of CAD/CAM systems is recommended for their fabrication. In addition, it is presumed that metal-ceramic prostheses cause changes in the composition of the subgingival microbiota producing a more dysbiotic biofilm with a higher prevalence of periodontopathogenic bacteria, which may further favor periodontal deterioration.
Topics: Humans; Periodontium; Periodontal Ligament; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Cytokines; Microbiota; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36770741
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031075 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2020Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontal bacteria. Recently, periodontal phototherapy, treatment using various types of lasers, has... (Review)
Review
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontal bacteria. Recently, periodontal phototherapy, treatment using various types of lasers, has attracted attention. Photobiomodulation, the biological effect of low-power laser irradiation, has been widely studied. Although many types of lasers are applied in periodontal phototherapy, molecular biological effects of laser irradiation on cells in periodontal tissues are unclear. Here, we have summarized the molecular biological effects of diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and CO lasers irradiation on cells in periodontal tissues. Photobiomodulation by laser irradiation enhanced cell proliferation and calcification in osteoblasts with altering gene expression. Positive effects were observed in fibroblasts on the proliferation, migration, and secretion of chemokines/cytokines. Laser irradiation suppressed gene expression related to inflammation in osteoblasts, fibroblasts, human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), and endothelial cells. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed that laser irradiation affects cell differentiation in hPDLCs and stem cells. Additionally, some studies have also investigated the effects of laser irradiation on endothelial cells, cementoblasts, epithelial cells, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. The appropriate irradiation power was different for each laser apparatus and targeted cells. Thus, through this review, we tried to shed light on basic research that would ultimately lead to clinical application of periodontal phototherapy in the future.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Low-Level Light Therapy; Models, Biological; Periodontal Ligament; Regeneration
PubMed: 33256246
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2019Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus including alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament, and... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that causes destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus including alveolar bone, the periodontal ligament, and cementum. Dental implants have been routinely installed after extraction of periodontitis-affected teeth; however, recent studies have indicated that many dental implants are affected by peri-implantitis, which progresses rapidly because of the failure of the immune system. Therefore, there is a renewed focus on periodontal regeneration aroundnatural teeth. To regenerate periodontal tissue, many researchers and clinicians have attempted to perform periodontal regenerative therapy using materials such as bioresorbable scaffolds, growth factors, and cells. The concept of guided tissue regeneration, by which endogenous periodontal ligament- and alveolar bone-derived cells are preferentially proliferated by barrier membranes, has proved effective, and various kinds of membranes are now commercially available. Clinical studies have shown the significance of barrier membranes for periodontal regeneration; however, the technique is indicated only for relatively small infrabony defects. Cytokine therapies have also been introduced to promote periodontal regeneration, but the indications are also for small size defects. To overcome this limitation, ex vivo expanded multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been studied. In particular, periodontal ligament-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells are thought to be a responsible cell source, based on both translational and clinical studies. In this review, responsible cell sources for periodontal regeneration and their clinical applications are summarized. In addition, recent transplantation strategies and perspectives about the cytotherapeutic use of stem cells for periodontal regeneration are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 31181666
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112796 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Oct 2020Though impacts of traumatic occlusion (TO) on periodontal tissues and roles of cystathionine γ-lyase (Cth) gene in the regulation of bone homeostasis have been studied...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Though impacts of traumatic occlusion (TO) on periodontal tissues and roles of cystathionine γ-lyase (Cth) gene in the regulation of bone homeostasis have been studied by many, no consensus has been reached so far on whether TO deteriorates the periodontium and precise roles of Cth in occlusal trauma. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impacts of TO on periodontal tissues and the involvement of Cth gene.
METHODS
Eighty C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice and Cth knockout (Cth ) mice, 8 weeks old, were used in this study. The TO model was established using composite resin bonding on the left maxillary molar for one, two, and three weeks, respectively. Morphological and histological changes in the periodontium were assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. Osteoclast-related genes were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).
RESULTS
It was found that decreased alveolar bone height, expanded bone resorption area, and increased width of periodontal ligament (PDL) occurred in TO models, accompanied by an increased number of osteoclasts in a time-dependent manner by micro-CT and histological staining. Osteoclast-related genes including Ctsk, Mmp9, Rank, Trap, and Rankl/Opg were also up-regulated after one week of modeling. The up-regulated expressions of Cth gene and its protein CTH were observed in TO mouse models. After 1, 2, or 3 weeks of modeling, WT mice showed more severe alveolar bone resorption, wider PDL, higher osteoclast count, and higher levels of osteoclast-related genes Ctsk, Rank, and Rankl/Opg than Cth mice.
CONCLUSION
TO causes a reduction in alveolar bone height and PDL morphological disorder with their severity increases in a time-dependent manner. Cth aggravates periodontal damage caused by TO.
Topics: Animals; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Osteoclasts; Osteoprotegerin; Periodontal Ligament; RANK Ligand; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 32323318
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12753