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Cureus May 2024Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a devastating bacterial infection associated with irreversible inflammatory destruction of soft tissues. Outcomes include...
Periorbital necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a devastating bacterial infection associated with irreversible inflammatory destruction of soft tissues. Outcomes include disfigurement, vision loss, septic shock, and death within hours to days. We describe two cases of periorbital NF that presented to our unit within a three-month period. We aim to highlight the key clinical features of periorbital NF, demonstrate the rapid progression of the disease, and the need for prompt identification and decisive intervention. Both patients presented with fever and left-sided periorbital swelling and showed rapid progression of swelling and gangrenous changes to the periorbital skin with worsening proptosis. They were treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics and underwent emergency surgical debridement of necrotic tissue followed by reconstruction. We propose a formal protocol that we recommend to aid the diagnosis and management of periorbital NF in an acute setting.
PubMed: 38826916
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59501 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 2023Orbital cellulitis is a serious condition with potentially severe complications. Treatment requires interdisciplinary care and early introduction of antimicrobial...
PURPOSE
Orbital cellulitis is a serious condition with potentially severe complications. Treatment requires interdisciplinary care and early introduction of antimicrobial therapy. In our tertiary center, a team of pediatricians, pediatric ophthalmologists, and otorhinolaryngologists successfully participated in the management of pediatric periorbital/orbital cellulitis. This study aimed to demonstrate our interdisciplinary approach and to investigate clinical profile and management of pediatric periorbital/orbital cellulitis.
METHODS
A retrospective chart review was performed of all pediatric patients hospitalized for periorbital and orbital cellulitis in a tertiary hospital center from September 15, 2016, to March 15, 2020.
RESULTS
A total of 26 children-median age 2.7 years (range 0.5-12)-were treated during the study period. Disease presentation was unilateral, mainly during winter (n = 12) and autumn (n = 12), without ophthalmoplegia/proptosis. Seven patients had orbital cellulitis (Chandler classification of ≥III) and were older (6.5 years, P = 0.011) with sinusitis (P < 0.001), required surgery (P = 0.004), underwent longer antimicrobial treatment (13 days, P < 0.001), and had a longer length of hospital stay (13.43 days, P = 0.001). Orbital cellulitis occurred in a median of three days (range 1-12) of acute rhinosinusitis. Radiological survey was performed in 11 patients, whereas six patients were treated surgically. All intraoperatively collected cultures (sinus swabs) were positive, whereas Streptococcus pyogenes and Peptostreptococcus were isolated in five cases. All patients fully recovered. No recurrence was documented.
CONCLUSION
Sinusitis is associated with severe orbital cellulitis and surgical management. Orbital cellulitis occurred early in the course of acute rhinosinusitis, as a distinctive presentation of rhinosinusitis. Interdisciplinary care and early management are crucial in treatment of pediatric periorbital/orbital cellulitis.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Child, Preschool; Orbital Cellulitis; Retrospective Studies; Sinusitis; Acute Disease; Exophthalmos; Eye Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Orbital Diseases
PubMed: 36588244
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_798_22 -
Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Dec 2015Pepper (oleoresin capsicum) spray is one of the most common riot-control measures used today. Although not lethal, exposure of pepper spray can cause injury to different... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Pepper (oleoresin capsicum) spray is one of the most common riot-control measures used today. Although not lethal, exposure of pepper spray can cause injury to different organ systems. This review aimed to summarise the major clinicopathological effects of pepper spray in humans.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, EMBASE database, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were used to search for terms associated with the clinicopathological effects of pepper spray in humans and those describing the pathophysiology of capsaicin. A phone interview with two individuals recently exposed to pepper spray was also conducted to establish clinical symptoms.
STUDY SELECTION
Major key words used for the MEDLINE search were "pepper spray", "OC spray", "oleoresin capsicum"; and other key words as "riot control agents", "capsaicin", and "capsaicinoid". We then combined the key words "capsaicin" and "capsaicinoid" with the major key words to narrow down the number of articles. A search with other databases including EMBASE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was also conducted with the above phrases to identify any additional related articles.
DATA EXTRACTION
All article searches were confined to human study. The bibliography of articles was screened for additional relevant studies including non-indexed reports, and information from these was also recorded. Non-English articles were included in the search.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Fifteen articles were considered relevant. Oleoresin capsicum causes almost instantaneous irritative symptoms to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Dermatological effects include a burning sensation, erythema, and hyperalgesia. Ophthalmic effects involve blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, peri-orbital oedema, and corneal pathology. Following inhalation, a stinging or burning sensation can be felt in the nose with sore throat, chest tightness, or dyspnoea. The major pathophysiology is neurogenic inflammation caused by capsaicinoid in the pepper spray. There is no antidote for oleoresin capsicum. Treatment consists of thorough decontamination, symptom-directed supportive measures, and early detection and treatment of systemic toxicity. Decontamination should be carefully carried out to avoid contamination of the surrounding skin and clothing.
CONCLUSION
Pepper (oleoresin capsicum) spray is an effective riot-control agent and does not cause life-threatening clinical effects in the majority of exposed individuals. Early decontamination minimises the irritant effects.
Topics: Aerosols; Decontamination; Dyspnea; Eye Diseases; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Neurogenic Inflammation; Nose; Pharyngitis; Plant Extracts; Riot Control Agents, Chemical; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 26554271
DOI: 10.12809/hkmj154691 -
Hospital Pediatrics Jun 2021Periorbital and orbital cellulitis are common but serious infections in children. Management of these infections varies because of an absence of clinical guidelines, but...
OBJECTIVES
Periorbital and orbital cellulitis are common but serious infections in children. Management of these infections varies because of an absence of clinical guidelines, but it is unclear if management within institutions has changed over time. We compared the management and outcomes of children hospitalized with periorbital and orbital cellulitis in 2 eras.
METHODS
Data were extracted from records of children hospitalized at a tertiary care children's hospital with periorbital or orbital cellulitis from 2000 to 2005 and 2012 to 2016. Patient demographics, cross-sectional imaging, antibiotic and corticosteroid use, length of stay, and surgical rates were collected. Data from the eras were compared by using descriptive statistics, tests, Mann-Whitney tests, Fisher's exact tests, and χ tests.
RESULTS
There were 318 children included, 143 from 2000 to 2005 and 175 from 2012 to 2016. Compared with the first era, in the second era there were increased rates of MRI (5% vs 11%, = .04), although rates of computed tomography scan use remained unchanged (60% vs 65%); increased number (1 vs 3, < .01) and spectrum of antibiotics; increased use of intranasal corticosteroids (3% vs 49%, < .01); and subspecialty consultation (89% vs 99%, = .01). There were no differences in length of stay, readmission, or surgical rates between eras.
CONCLUSIONS
There has been considerable change in the management of hospitalized children with severe orbital infections at our institution, including the rates of MRI, number and spectrum of antibiotics used, use of adjunctive agents, and increased subspecialty involvement with no observed impact on clinical outcomes. Future research is needed to rationalize antimicrobial therapy and reduce low-value health care.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cellulitis; Child; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Infant; Orbital Cellulitis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34031136
DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-001818 -
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Jun 2022An aesthetically pleasing appearance of the 'eyes' usually includes good projection of the outer brow. Weak bony projection of the superolateral periorbital region tends...
BACKGROUND
An aesthetically pleasing appearance of the 'eyes' usually includes good projection of the outer brow. Weak bony projection of the superolateral periorbital region tends to be not only less attractive, but also predisposes to hooding over the temporal part of the upper lid. Congenital lack of skeletal volume is exacerbated by ageing due to lipoatrophy and soft tissue laxity. The rationale and technique for performing skeletal augmentation of the superolateral orbital rim is described, along with long-term results from a series of cases.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A series of patients having augmentation of the superolateral orbital rim, using the technique described, were evaluated. A forehead crease incision was used, then a precise subperiosteal pocket developed in the lateral brow region between the supraorbital foramen and the superior temporal septum. The hydroxyapatite granule mixture was incrementally placed using modified syringes. The patients were followed to assess the long-term results.
RESULTS
Two hundred and fifty patients, 80% women, mean age = 53 years [range 23-78] underwent supraorbital rim augmentation using subperiosteal hydroxyapatite granules, during a 12-year period, commencing in 2007. The mean follow-up was 41 months (range 1-12 years). The mean volume used for augmentation was 1.0 mL per side (range 0.4-2.3 mL). Projection of the upper lateral periorbital prominence was effectively increased, resulting in enhancement of the brow position and shape. Twenty-seven patients (11%) had an undercorrection, requiring additional volume augmentation, all during the first three years of the experience. Twelve patients (5%) required correction of contour irregularities. There were no infections and no long-term complications. Resorption of the hydroxyapatite volume over time was not noted.
CONCLUSION
The aesthetic significance of superolateral orbital rim projection is introduced. Patients who have a degree of skeletal deficiency of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone should be considered for hydroxyapatite augmentation of the bone as a complement to upper lid blepharoplasty and brow elevation. This procedure should be considered in the spectrum of upper periorbital aesthetic procedures.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Topics: Adult; Aged; Blepharoplasty; Durapatite; Esthetics; Eyelids; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 35288761
DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02793-y -
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.... Jan 2015Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes in the genus Trichinella, which are among the most widespread zoonotic pathogens globally. Infection occurs...
PROBLEM/CONDITION
Trichinellosis is a parasitic disease caused by nematodes in the genus Trichinella, which are among the most widespread zoonotic pathogens globally. Infection occurs following consumption of raw or undercooked meat infected with Trichinella larvae. Clinical manifestations of the disease range from asymptomatic infection to fatal disease; the common signs and symptoms include eosinophilia, fever, periorbital edema, and myalgia. Trichinellosis surveillance has documented a steady decline in the reported incidence of the disease in the United States. In recent years, proportionally fewer cases have been associated with consumption of commercial pork products, and more are associated with meat from wild game such as bear.
PERIOD COVERED
2008-2012.
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
Trichinellosis has been a nationally notifiable disease in the United States since 1966 and is reportable in 48 states, New York City, and the District of Columbia. The purpose of national surveillance is to estimate incidence of infection, detect outbreaks, and guide prevention efforts. Cases are defined by clinical characteristics and the results of laboratory testing for evidence of Trichinella infection. Food exposure histories are obtained at the local level either at the point of care or through health department interview. States notify CDC of cases electronically through the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (available at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss). In addition, states are asked to submit a standardized supplementary case report form that captures the clinical and epidemiologic information needed to meet the surveillance case definition. Reported cases are summarized weekly and annually in MMWR.
RESULTS
During 2008-2012, a total of 90 cases of trichinellosis were reported to CDC from 24 states and the District of Columbia. Six (7%) cases were excluded from analysis because a supplementary case report form was not submitted or the case did not meet the case definition. A total of 84 confirmed trichinellosis cases, including five outbreaks that comprised 40 cases, were analyzed and included in this report. During 2008-2012, the mean annual incidence of trichinellosis in the United States was 0.1 cases per 1 million population, with a median of 15 cases per year. Pork products were associated with 22 (26%) cases, including 10 (45%) that were linked with commercial pork products, six (27%) that were linked with wild boar, and one (5%) that was linked with home-raised swine; five (23%) were unspecified. Meats other than pork were associated with 45 (54%) cases, including 41 (91%) that were linked with bear meat, two (4%) that were linked with deer meat, and two (4%) that were linked with ground beef. The source for 17 (20%) cases was unknown. Of the 51 patients for whom information was reported on the manner in which the meat product was cooked, 24 (47%) reported eating raw or undercooked meat.
INTERPRETATION
The risk for Trichinella infection associated with commercial pork has decreased substantially in the United States since the 1940s, when data collection on trichinellosis cases first began. However, the continued identification of cases related to both pork and nonpork sources indicates that public education about trichinellosis and the dangers of consuming raw or undercooked meat still is needed.
PUBLIC HEALTH ACTIONS
Changes in domestic pork production and public health education regarding the safe preparation of pork have contributed to the reduction in the incidence of trichinellosis in the United States; however, consumption of wild game meat such as bear continues to be an important source of infection. Hunters and consumers of wild game meat should be educated about the risk associated with consumption of raw or undercooked meat.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Animals, Wild; Antibodies, Helminth; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Food Parasitology; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Population Surveillance; Swine; Trichinella; Trichinellosis; United States; Ursidae; Young Adult
PubMed: 25590865
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Surgery Case... May 2021Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by molds within the order Mucorales. The rhino-orbital-cerebral localization is the most frequent. It is a...
Mucormycosis is an opportunistic fungal infection caused by molds within the order Mucorales. The rhino-orbital-cerebral localization is the most frequent. It is a destructive, necrotizing and potentially fatal disease. The treatment involves aggressive surgical debridement combined with antifungal drugs. The course is quickly fatal in the event of delayed diagnosis and / or treatment. This infection usually affects immunocompromised and diabetic patients, but cases of mucormycosis in immunocompetents are increasingly reported. Chronic mucormycosis is extremely rare and affects both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients, its clinical evolution is nonspecific and its treatment is not standardized. We report the case of a destructive rhino-orbital and pulmonary involvement in a 59 years old immunocompetent patient who presented a right periorbital edema associated and a vision loss and a notion of nasal obstruction and progressive onset headache four months before admission. Her condition progressed with rapidly extensive necrosis. She underwent extensive surgical resection but soon succumbed to multiple organ failure. The diagnosis of mucormycosis was confirmed post mortem on the excisional piece. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to chronic mucormycosis in the immunocompetent and to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and adequate management of this fatal infection.
PubMed: 33865198
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2021.105882 -
Journal of Wildlife Diseases Jul 2022The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a popular game species in North America and often lives in close proximity to humans and domestic animals. Deer with... (Review)
Review
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) is a popular game species in North America and often lives in close proximity to humans and domestic animals. Deer with neurologic signs are of high interest to the general public and wildlife managers because of disease and safety concerns. Our aim was to describe diagnostic findings from free-ranging white-tailed deer diagnosed with rabies from across the eastern US from 2000 to 2021, with emphasis on gross lesions in the skin and soft tissue overlying the skull. We reviewed diagnostic reports of white-tailed deer cases submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study for those diagnosed with rabies from 2000 to 2021. Rabies virus infection was confirmed by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent antibody test of brain, or both. Nine adult deer from five states were diagnosed with rabies, including seven (78%) females and two (22%) males. Three (33%) deer were found dead, and six (67%) were humanely dispatched for abnormal behavior. Six deer heads were examined grossly and had lesions, including forehead or periorbital alopecia, cutaneous erythema, abrasions and ulcers, and subcutaneous edema. Histologic examination was performed for eight of nine cases, all of which had intraneuronal eosinophilic inclusion (Negri) bodies in cerebrum, cerebellum, or both. Most (6/8; 75%) had perivascular lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis. Rabies should be considered a differential diagnosis in deer with this pattern of head lesions, suggestive of head rubbing or head pressing.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Brain; Deer; Female; Humans; Male; Rabies
PubMed: 35436343
DOI: 10.7589/JWD-D-21-00176 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021(1) Background: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an infection involving the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue. Endophthalmitis is an infection within the ocular...
(1) Background: Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is an infection involving the superficial fascia and subcutaneous tissue. Endophthalmitis is an infection within the ocular ball. Herein we report a rare case of concurrent periorbital NF and endophthalmitis, caused by (PA). We also conducted a literature review related to periorbital PA skin and soft-tissue infections. (2) Case presentation: A 62-year-old male had left upper eyelid swelling and redness; orbital cellulitis was diagnosed. During eyelid debridement, NF with the involvement of the upper Müller's muscle and levator muscle was noted. The infection soon progressed to scleral ulcers and endophthalmitis. The eye developed phthisis bulbi, despite treatment with intravitreal antibiotics. (3) Conclusions: Immunocompromised individuals are more likely than immunocompetent hosts to be infected by PA. Although periorbital NF is uncommon due to the rich blood supply in the area, the possibility of PA infection should be considered in concurrent periorbital soft-tissue infection and endophthalmitis.
PubMed: 34358004
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070854 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2022Background: Medical versus surgical management of pediatric periorbital infection secondary to acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) can be a dilemma for clinicians....
Background: Medical versus surgical management of pediatric periorbital infection secondary to acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) can be a dilemma for clinicians. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic factors related to the need for surgical drainage and to help direct management decisions. Methods: Children admitted for periorbital infection secondary to ABRS between 2001 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory data, comorbidities, and computed tomography results were collected from medical records. Results: A total of 141 pediatric patients were enrolled. Forty-two patients (29.8%) required surgical intervention. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that delayed initiation of intravenous antibiotics from the onset of periorbital swelling (odds ratio [OR] = 1.94; p < 0.001) and proptosis at initial presentation (OR = 6.63; p = 0.008) were significantly associated with the need for surgical intervention. A C-reactive protein value of > 55.73 mg/L and initiation of intravenous antibiotic treatment > 2 days from the onset of periorbital swelling showed the best predictive power for surgery. Conclusions: Pediatric patients with delayed initiation of intravenous antibiotic treatment and initial presentation of proptosis had worse outcomes and required surgical intervention.
PubMed: 35807115
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133831