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PET Clinics Jan 2019PET has been founded as a useful technique in the staging, restaging, prognostication, and treatment planning for numerus cancers, with an incremental application in... (Review)
Review
PET has been founded as a useful technique in the staging, restaging, prognostication, and treatment planning for numerus cancers, with an incremental application in precision oncology. This paper summarized the current state-of-the-art application of PET/CT in the management of patients with peripheral nerve tumors. Furthermore, the potential clinical uses of emerging themes and technological advances are reviewed, consisting hybrid PET/MR imaging and alternative radiotracers for the application in peripheral nerve oncology.
Topics: Humans; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms; Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 30420224
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2018.08.013 -
Current Neuropharmacology 2024The percutaneous technique of electrode insertion in the vicinity of the greater occipital nerves to treat occipital neuralgia was first described in the 1990s by Weiner...
The percutaneous technique of electrode insertion in the vicinity of the greater occipital nerves to treat occipital neuralgia was first described in the 1990s by Weiner and Reed. This subsequently stimulated awareness of peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS). The more recent advent emergence of a minimally invasive percutaneous approach by way of using ultrasound has further increased the interest in PNS as a viable alternative to more invasive techniques. PNS has become more popular recently and is increasingly used to treat various pain conditions. Its foundation is fundamentally based on the gate control theory, although the precise mechanism underlying its analgesic effect is still indefinite. Studies have demonstrated the peripheral and central analgesic mechanisms of PNS by modulating the inflammatory pathways, the autonomic nervous system, the endogenous pain inhibition pathways, and the involvement of the cortical and subcortical areas. Peripheral nerve stimulation exhibits its neuromodulatory effect both peripherally and centrally. Further understanding of the modulation of PNS mechanisms can help guide stimulation approaches and parameters to optimize the use of PNS. his chapter aims to review the background and mechanisms of PNS modulation. PNS is becoming one of the most diverse therapies in neuromodulation due to rapid evolution and expansion. It is an attractive option for clinicians due to the simplicity and versatility of procedures that can be combined with other neuromodulation treatments or used alone. It has a distinct role in the modulation of functional conditions.
Topics: Humans; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System; Neuralgia; Analgesics
PubMed: 37534790
DOI: 10.2174/1570159X21666230803100400 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Aug 2019Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is being increasingly used as a problem-solving tool for diagnosis and management of peripheral neuropathies. This review is aimed... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) is being increasingly used as a problem-solving tool for diagnosis and management of peripheral neuropathies. This review is aimed at summarizing important technological advances, including MR pulse sequence and surface coil developments, which have facilitated MRN's use in clinical practice.
RECENT FINDINGS
The most recent research in MRN focuses on its clinical applications, with concomitant development of three-dimensional, parallel imaging and vascular suppression techniques that facilitate higher spatial resolution and depiction of small nerve branches arising from the brachial and lumbosacral plexi as well as fascicular abnormalities of more distal extremity nerves. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been studied as a tool to detect microstructural abnormalities of peripheral nerves and more precisely define grades of nerve injury but will require additional investigation to determine its role in daily clinical practice. MRN continues to evolve due to technological improvements and awareness by the medical community of its capabilities. Additional technological developments related to surface coil designs and vascular suppression techniques will be needed to move the field forward.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 31446508
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-019-0996-x -
Life Sciences Aug 2023Each year, thousands of people suffer from traumatic peripheral nerve lesions, which impair mobility and sensibility and frequently have fatal outcomes. The recovery of... (Review)
Review
Each year, thousands of people suffer from traumatic peripheral nerve lesions, which impair mobility and sensibility and frequently have fatal outcomes. The recovery of peripheral nerves on its own is frequently insufficient. In this regard, cell therapy is currently one of the most cutting-edge techniques for nerve healing. The purpose of this review is to highlight the properties of various types of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are critical for peripheral nerve regeneration after nerve injury. The Preferred Reporting term used to review the available literature are "nerve regeneration," "stem cells," "peripheral nerve damage," "rat," and "human" were combined. In addition, using the phrases "stem cells" and "nerve regeneration" in PubMed, a "MeSH" search was conducted. This study describes the features of the most often utilized MSCs, as well as its paracrine potential, targeted stimulation, and propensity for differentiation into Schwann-like and neuronal-like cells. For the repair of peripheral nerve lesions, ADSCs appear to be the most relevant and promising MSCs, because of their ability to sustain and increase axonal growth, as well as their outstanding paracrine activity, putative differentiation potential, low immunogenicity, and excellent post-transplant survival rate.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Schwann Cells; Peripheral Nerves; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Sciatic Nerve
PubMed: 37196856
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121785 -
Neurosurgical Focus Mar 2017
Topics: Humans; Neurosurgical Procedures; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves
PubMed: 28240559
DOI: 10.3171/2017.1.FOCUS178 -
Advances and Technical Standards in... 2022This review is intended to describe and actualize the basic knowledge of the three basic entities that affect the peripheral nerve system and can be treated by surgery:... (Review)
Review
This review is intended to describe and actualize the basic knowledge of the three basic entities that affect the peripheral nerve system and can be treated by surgery: nerve trauma, chronic nerve compressions, and tumors.Regarding trauma, emphasis is given on the timing of surgery, given the fact that the moment in which the surgery is performed and the employed microsurgical reconstruction technique are the most important factors in the final result. Open lesions with associated nerve injury should be managed with an early exploration carried out before 7 days. Closed injuries are usually deferred, with few exceptions, from 3 to 6 months after the trauma.In turn, chronic compressions require an appropriate clinical, neurophysiological, and imaging diagnosis. Isolated sensory symptoms can be treated actively though without surgery: motor signs like atrophy should be regarded as a sign for immediate surgery, as a deferred treatment might cause an irreversible nerve and muscular damage. Endoscopic approaches are a valuable tool for treatment in selected neuropathies.Finally, nerve tumors demand a thorough preoperative evaluation, as benign tumors are treated in a very different way when compared to malignant lesions. Benign tumors can usually be safely and completely resected without sacrificing the nerve of origin. When malignancy is confirmed, extensive resection to optimize patient survival is the main objective, potentially at the expense of neurological function. This may then be followed by adjuvant radiation and/or chemotherapy, depending on the nature of the tumor and the completeness of resection attained. The role of nerve biopsy remains controversial, and several modern diagnostic techniques might be helpful.
Topics: Humans; Neurosurgical Procedures; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves; Preoperative Care; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35976453
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-99166-1_8 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Nov 2023Peripheral nerve injuries are common and can cause catastrophic consequences. Although peripheral nerves have notable regenerative capacity, full functional recovery is... (Review)
Review
Peripheral nerve injuries are common and can cause catastrophic consequences. Although peripheral nerves have notable regenerative capacity, full functional recovery is often challenging due to a number of factors, including age, the type of injury, and delayed healing, resulting in chronic disorders that cause lifelong miseries and significant financial burdens. Fluorescence imaging, among the various techniques, may be the key to overcome these restrictions and improve the prognosis because of its feasibility and dynamic real-time imaging. Intraoperative dynamic fluorescence imaging allows the visualization of the morphological structure of the nerve so that surgeons can reduce the incidence of medically induced injury. Axoplasmic transport-based neuroimaging allows the visualization of the internal transport function of the nerve, facilitating early, objective, and accurate assessment of the degree of regenerative repair, allowing early intervention in patients with poor recovery, thereby improving prognosis. This review briefly discusses peripheral nerve fluorescent dyes that have been reported or could potentially be employed, with a focus on their role in visualizing the nerve's function and anatomy.
Topics: Humans; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 37846619
DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01927f -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of... May 2023Magnetic resonance (MR) neurography and high-resolution ultrasound are complementary modalities for imaging peripheral nerves. Advances in imaging technology and... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance (MR) neurography and high-resolution ultrasound are complementary modalities for imaging peripheral nerves. Advances in imaging technology and optimized techniques allow for detailed assessment of nerve anatomy and nerve pathologic condition. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities likely reflects local expertise and availability of the latest imaging technology.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Peripheral Nerves; Ultrasonography; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 37019545
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2023.01.003 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2018Anti-ganglioside antibodies are principally associated with autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. In these disorders, immune attack is inadvertently directed at peripheral... (Review)
Review
Anti-ganglioside antibodies are principally associated with autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. In these disorders, immune attack is inadvertently directed at peripheral nerve by autoantibodies that target glycan structures borne by glycolipids, particularly gangliosides concentrated in nerve myelin and axons. The most thoroughly studied disorder is the acute paralytic disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in which IgG autoantibodies against gangliosides arise following acute infections, notably Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. Additionally, chronic autoimmune neuropathies are associated with IgM antibodies directed against many glycolipids including gangliosides. This introductory chapter briefly summarizes the immunological and pathological features of these disorders, focusing on the methodological development of antibody measurement and of animal models.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antigens; Disease Models, Animal; Gangliosides; Humans; Peripheral Nerves
PubMed: 29926408
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8552-4_7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2016Peripheral nerve injury can lead to great morbidity in those afflicted, ranging from sensory loss, motor loss, chronic pain, or a combination of deficits. Over time,... (Review)
Review
Peripheral nerve injury can lead to great morbidity in those afflicted, ranging from sensory loss, motor loss, chronic pain, or a combination of deficits. Over time, research has investigated neuronal molecular mechanisms implicated in nerve damage, classified nerve injury, and developed surgical techniques for treatment. Despite these advancements, full functional recovery remains less than ideal. In this review, we discuss historical aspects of peripheral nerve injury and introduce nerve transfer as a therapeutic option, as well as an adjunct therapy to transplantation of Schwann cells and their stem cell derivatives for repair of the damaged nerve. This review furthermore, will provide an elaborated discussion on the sources of Schwann cells, including sites to harvest their progenitor and stem cell lines. This reflects the accessibility to an additional, concurrent treatment approach with nerve transfers that, predicated on related research, may increase the efficacy of the current approach. We then discuss the experimental and clinical investigations of both Schwann cells and nerve transfer that are underway. Lastly, we provide the necessary consideration that these two lines of therapeutic approaches should not be exclusive, but conversely, should be pursued as a combined modality given their mutual role in peripheral nerve regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Peripheral Nerve Injuries; Peripheral Nerves; Schwann Cells; Stem Cell Transplantation; Wound Healing
PubMed: 27983642
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122101