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Nutrients Oct 2020Citicoline is a chemical compound involved in the synthesis of cell membranes. It also has other, not yet explained functions. Research on the use of citicoline is...
Citicoline is a chemical compound involved in the synthesis of cell membranes. It also has other, not yet explained functions. Research on the use of citicoline is conducted in neurology, ophthalmology, and psychiatry. Citicoline is widely available as a dietary supplement. It is often used to enhance cognitive functions. In our article, accessible databases were searched for articles regarding citicoline use in neurological diseases. This article has a systemic review form. After rejecting non-eligible reports, 47 remaining articles were reviewed. The review found that citicoline has been proven to be a useful compound in preventing dementia progression. It also enhances cognitive functions among healthy individuals and improves prognosis after stroke. In an animal model of nerve damage and neuropathy, citicoline stimulated regeneration and lessened pain. Among patients who underwent brain trauma, citicoline has an unclear clinical effect. Citicoline has a wide range of effects and could be an essential substance in the treatment of many neurological diseases. Its positive impact on learning and cognitive functions among the healthy population is also worth noting.
Topics: Animals; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Cognition; Cytidine Diphosphate Choline; Dementia; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Nervous System Diseases; Neuralgia; Neurotransmitter Agents; Peripheral Nervous System; Stroke
PubMed: 33053828
DOI: 10.3390/nu12103113 -
Hand Clinics May 2016
Topics: Hand; Humans; Inventions; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 27094898
DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2016.02.001 -
Cell and Tissue Research Jul 2023Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contains thousands of sensory neurons that transmit information about our external and internal environment to the central nervous system. This... (Review)
Review
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contains thousands of sensory neurons that transmit information about our external and internal environment to the central nervous system. This includes signals related to proprioception, temperature, and nociception. Our understanding of DRG has increased tremendously over the last 50 years and has established the DRG as an active participant in peripheral processes. This includes interactions between neurons and non-neuronal cells such as satellite glia cells and macrophages that contribute to an increasingly complex cellular environment that modulates neuronal function. Early ultrastructural investigations of the DRG have described subtypes of sensory neurons based on differences in the arrangement of organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. The neuron-satellite cell complex and the composition of the axon hillock in DRG have also been investigated, but, apart from basic descriptions of Schwann cells, ultrastructural investigations of other cell types in DRG are limited. Furthermore, detailed descriptions of key components of DRG, such as blood vessels and the capsule that sits at the intersection of the meninges and the connective tissue covering the peripheral nervous system, are lacking to date. With rising interest in DRG as potential therapeutic targets for aberrant signalling associated with chronic pain conditions, gaining further insights into DRG ultrastructure will be fundamental to understanding cell-cell interactions that modulate DRG function. In this review, we aim to provide a synopsis of the current state of knowledge on the ultrastructure of the DRG and its components, as well as to identify areas of interest for future studies.
Topics: Humans; Ganglia, Spinal; Neuroglia; Schwann Cells; Sensory Receptor Cells; Pain
PubMed: 37079097
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03770-w -
Cells Jul 2020The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological... (Review)
Review
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
Topics: Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 32722089
DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768 -
Acta Neurologica Belgica Feb 2022Q fever is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution caused by Coxiella burneti. Acute manifestations include a self-limited febrile illness which may associate headache,... (Review)
Review
Q fever is a zoonosis with a worldwide distribution caused by Coxiella burneti. Acute manifestations include a self-limited febrile illness which may associate headache, atypical pneumonia, or hepatitis. Neurological manifestations are rare, and they occur in less than half of the patients. Of these, approximately 1% present peripheral nervous system involvement, and, when present, it is difficult to diagnose because it has multiple manifestations such as mononeuritis multiplex, plexopathy or Guillain Barre syndrome. Due to the high rate of neurological sequelae, early diagnostic suspicion and appropriate treatment must be established. In this review, we have collected the patients with peripheral nervous system involvement due to Coxiella burnetii described so far. Our aim is to provide a concise description of the disease, its diagnosis and management that may be useful to clinicians treating such patients.
Topics: Coxiella burnetii; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Headache; Humans; Peripheral Nervous System; Q Fever
PubMed: 34487342
DOI: 10.1007/s13760-021-01791-2 -
Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2018Cancer in the form of solid tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma can infiltrate and metastasize to the peripheral nervous system, including the cranial nerves, nerve roots,... (Review)
Review
Cancer in the form of solid tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma can infiltrate and metastasize to the peripheral nervous system, including the cranial nerves, nerve roots, cervical, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and, rarely, the peripheral nerves. This review discusses the presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options for metastatic lesions to these components of the peripheral nervous system and is organized based on the anatomic distribution. As skull base metastases (also discussed in Chapter 14) result in cranial neuropathies, these will be covered in detail, as well as cancers that directly infiltrate the cranial nerves. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical, imaging, and electrodiagnostic features that differentiate neoplastic plexopathies from radiation-induced plexopathies. Neurolymphomatosis, in which malignant lymphocytes invade the cranial nerves, nerve roots, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, and peripheral nerves, is a rare manifestation of lymphoma and leukemia. Diagnoses of neurolymphomatosis are often missed or delayed given its varied presentations, resulting in poorer outcomes. Thus this disease will also be discussed in depth.
Topics: Animals; Electrodiagnosis; Humans; Lumbosacral Plexus; Marek Disease; Neoplasms; Neuroimaging; Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms; Spinal Nerve Roots
PubMed: 29307357
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-811161-1.00017-7 -
Developmental Neurobiology Jul 2021Axons share a close relationship with Schwann cells, their glial partners in peripheral nerves. An intricate axo-glia network of signals and bioactive molecules... (Review)
Review
Axons share a close relationship with Schwann cells, their glial partners in peripheral nerves. An intricate axo-glia network of signals and bioactive molecules regulates the major aspects of nerve development and normal functioning of the peripheral nervous system. Disruptions to these complex axo-glial interactions can have serious neurological consequences, as typically seen in injured nerves. Recent studies in inherited neuropathies have demonstrated that damage to one of the partners in this symbiotic unit ultimately leads to impairment of the other partner, emphasizing the bidirectional influence of axon to glia and glia to axon signaling in these diseases. After physical trauma to nerves, dramatic alterations in the architecture and signaling environment of peripheral nerves take place. Here, axons and Schwann cells respond adaptively to these perturbations and change the nature of their reciprocal interactions, thereby driving the remodeling and regeneration of peripheral nerves. In this review, we focus on the nature and importance of axon-glia interactions in injured nerves, both for the reshaping and repair of nerves after trauma, and in driving pathology in inherited peripheral neuropathies.
Topics: Axons; Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Neuroglia; Peripheral Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 32628805
DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22771 -
Journal of Neuroscience Methods Jul 2020
Topics: Electrodes, Implanted; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 32330467
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108745 -
Veterinary Pathology Jan 2021The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread... (Review)
Review
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) relays messages between the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the body. Despite this critical role and widespread distribution, the PNS is often overlooked when investigating disease in diagnostic and experimental pathology. This review highlights key features of neuroanatomy and physiology of the somatic and autonomic PNS, and appropriate PNS sampling and processing techniques. The review considers major classes of PNS lesions including neuronopathy, axonopathy, and myelinopathy, and major categories of PNS disease including toxic, metabolic, and paraneoplastic neuropathies; infectious and inflammatory diseases; and neoplasms. This review describes a broad range of common PNS lesions and their diagnostic criteria and provides many useful references for pathologists who perform PNS evaluations as a regular or occasional task in their comparative pathology practice.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Central Nervous System Diseases; Peripheral Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Spinal Cord
PubMed: 33016246
DOI: 10.1177/0300985820959231 -
ACS Chemical Neuroscience May 2022Disturbance in the neuronal network leads to instability in the microtubule (MT) railroad of axons, causing hindrance in the intra-axonal transport and making it... (Review)
Review
Disturbance in the neuronal network leads to instability in the microtubule (MT) railroad of axons, causing hindrance in the intra-axonal transport and making it difficult to re-establish the broken network. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons can stabilize their MTs, leading to the formation of regeneration-promoting structures called "growth cones". However, central nervous system (CNS) neurons lack this intrinsic reparative capability and, instead, form growth-incompetent structures called "retraction bulbs", which have a disarrayed MT network. It is evident from various studies that although axonal regeneration depends on both cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic factors, any therapy that aims at axonal regeneration ultimately converges onto MTs. Understanding the neuronal MT dynamics will help develop effective therapeutic strategies in diseases where the MT network gets disrupted, such as spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It is also essential to know the factors that aid or inhibit MT stabilization. In this review, we have discussed the MT dynamics postaxotomy in the CNS and PNS, and factors that can directly influence MT stability in various diseases.
Topics: Axonal Transport; Axons; Axotomy; Microtubules; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 35451811
DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00189