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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Dec 2019The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is highly complicated and heterogenous. Conventional neuromodulatory approaches have revealed numerous essential biological functions... (Review)
Review
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is highly complicated and heterogenous. Conventional neuromodulatory approaches have revealed numerous essential biological functions of the PNS and provided excellent tools to treat a large variety of human diseases. Yet growing evidence indicated the importance of cell-type-specific neuromodulation in the PNS in not only biological research using animal models but also potential human therapies. Optogenetics is a recently developed neuromodulatory approach combining optics and genetics that can effectively stimulate or silence neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal precision. Here, I review research regarding optogenetic manipulations for cell-type-specific control of the PNS, highlighting the advantages and challenges of current optogenetic tools, and discuss their potential future applications.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Humans; Neurons; Optogenetics; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 30745289
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034397 -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... 2015Glial cells are important constituents of the nervous system and a hallmark of these cells are their pronounced migratory abilities. In Drosophila, glial lineages have... (Review)
Review
Glial cells are important constituents of the nervous system and a hallmark of these cells are their pronounced migratory abilities. In Drosophila, glial lineages have been well described and some of the molecular mechanisms necessary to guide migrating glial cells to their final target sites have been identified. With the onset of migration, glial cells are already specified into one of five main glial cell types. The perineurial and subperineurial glial cells are eventually located at the outer surface of the Drosophila nervous system and constitute the blood-brain barrier. The cortex glial cells ensheath all neuroblasts and their progeny and reside within the central nervous system. Astrocyte-like cells invade the neuropil to control synaptic function and ensheathing glial cells encase the entire neuropil. Within the peripheral nervous system, wrapping glial cells ensheath individual axons or axon fascicles. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on how differentiation of glial cells into the specific subtypes is orchestrated. Furthermore, we discuss sequencing data that will facilitate further analyses of glial differentiation in the fly nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Axons; Cell Differentiation; Cell Movement; Central Nervous System; Drosophila; Neuroglia; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 26178654
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.198 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Apr 2015Electrodiagnostic studies are powerful diagnostic tools that complement the clinical evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disease. However, their proper... (Review)
Review
Electrodiagnostic studies are powerful diagnostic tools that complement the clinical evaluation of patients with neuromuscular disease. However, their proper interpretation requires a hypothesis-driven approach that depends on clinical information and physical examination findings. In principle, Bayesian methods of reasoning determine both the plan of examination and interpretation of results. Thus neuromuscular disease training with an understanding of peripheral nervous system anatomy, nerve and muscle physiology, pathophysiology, pathology, management, and prognosis are as important as technical training for performance of the test. In this article, geared toward imagers, we review the basic principles of electrodiagnostic studies, typical measurements, and their interpretation both in normal and common disease states.
Topics: Action Potentials; Contrast Media; Electrodiagnosis; Electromyography; Humans; Neural Conduction; Neurophysiology; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Reaction Time
PubMed: 25764235
DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1545075 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2021Pain can be induced by tissue injuries, diseases and infections. The interactions between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system are primary actions in... (Review)
Review
Pain can be induced by tissue injuries, diseases and infections. The interactions between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system are primary actions in pain sensitizations. In response to stimuli, nociceptors release various mediators from their terminals that potently activate and recruit immune cells, whereas infiltrated immune cells further promote sensitization of nociceptors and the transition from acute to chronic pain by producing cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and growth factors. Immune cells not only play roles in pain production but also contribute to PNS repair and pain resolution by secreting anti-inflammatory or analgesic effectors. Here, we discuss the distinct roles of four major types of immune cells (monocyte/macrophage, neutrophil, mast cell, and T cell) acting on the PNS during pain process. Integration of this current knowledge will enhance our understanding of cellular changes and molecular mechanisms underlying pain pathogenies, providing insights for developing new therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Pain; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Macrophages; Mast Cells; Mice; Monocytes; Neuroimmunomodulation; Neutrophils; Nociception; Pain Management; Peripheral Nervous System; Signal Transduction; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 33535595
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031448 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Jul 2021The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical and paraclinical findings that demonstrate that multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the peripheral nervous system (PNS)... (Review)
Review
AIM
The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical and paraclinical findings that demonstrate that multiple sclerosis (MS) affects the peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as the central nervous system (CNS). Methods: Narrative review.
RESULTS
MS is traditionally defined as a chronic demyelinating immune-mediated disease of the CNS. However, there is emerging evidence that MS is a disease that does not solely affect the CNS but can manifest with PNS involvement as well. Several pathology studies have reported on signs of demyelination in the PNS, as well as on structural and functional involvement of the PNS in persons with MS (pwMS). From the functional aspect, several studies have shown autonomic nervous system (ANS) involvement in the form of sudomotor dysfunction measured with quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) in different stages of MS, adding to the growing body of evidence that indicate PNS involvement in MS. In this review the clinical, pathological, neurophysiological, and imaging findings that demonstrate that MS affects the PNS as well as the CNS are summarized, with the emphasis on the ANS abnormalities.
CONCLUSION
Further large-scale research is needed in order to fully understand the frequency and importance of PNS affection in MS.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Central Nervous System; Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 34036450
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05309-9 -
Cells Feb 2021Surgery remains an essential therapeutic approach for most solid malignancies. Although for more than a century accumulating clinical and experimental data have... (Review)
Review
Surgery remains an essential therapeutic approach for most solid malignancies. Although for more than a century accumulating clinical and experimental data have indicated that surgical procedures themselves may promote the appearance and progression of recurrent and metastatic lesions, only in recent years has renewed interest been taken in the mechanism by which metastasizing of cancer occurs following operative procedures. It is well proven now that surgery constitutes a risk factor for the promotion of pre-existing, possibly dormant micrometastases and the acceleration of new metastases through several mechanisms, including the release of neuroendocrine and stress hormones and wound healing pathway-associated immunosuppression, neovascularization, and tissue remodeling. These postoperative consequences synergistically facilitate the establishment of new metastases and the development of pre-existing micrometastases. While only in recent years the role of the peripheral nervous system has been recognized as another contributor to cancer development and metastasis, little is known about the contribution of tumor-associated neuronal and neuroglial elements in the metastatic disease related to surgical trauma and wound healing. Specifically, although numerous clinical and experimental data suggest that biopsy- and surgery-induced wound healing can promote survival and metastatic spread of residual and dormant malignant cells, the involvement of the tumor-associated neuroglial cells in the formation of metastases following tissue injury has not been well understood. Understanding the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune regulation of surgery-associated metastasis will not only advance the field of neuro-immuno-oncology and contribute to basic science and translational oncology research but will also produce a strong foundation for developing novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches that may protect patients against the oncologically adverse effects of primary tumor biopsy and excision.
Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Nervous System; Peripheral Nervous System; Surgical Procedures, Operative
PubMed: 33672617
DOI: 10.3390/cells10020454 -
Steroids Nov 2015In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the... (Review)
Review
In the present review we summarize observations to date supporting the concept that neuroactive steroids are synthesized in the peripheral nervous system, regulate the physiology of peripheral nerves and exert notable neuroprotective actions. Indeed, neuroactive steroids have been recently proposed as therapies for different types of peripheral neuropathy, like for instance those occurring during aging, chemotherapy, physical injury and diabetes. Moreover, pharmacological tools able to increase the synthesis of neuroactive steroids might represent new interesting therapeutic strategy to be applied in case of peripheral neuropathy.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Neurotransmitter Agents; Peripheral Nervous System; Steroids
PubMed: 25824325
DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.03.014 -
Neurotoxicology Dec 2020Vincristine (VCR), an alkaloid extracted from vinca, is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to treat a variety of cancers, such as acute... (Review)
Review
Vincristine (VCR), an alkaloid extracted from vinca, is often used in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs to treat a variety of cancers, such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), malignant lymphoma, and neuroblastoma. However, VCR possesses dose-dependent neurotoxicity, which is the main factor restricting its application. Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) not only limits the dose of VCR and leads to the discontinuation of treatment but also triggers serious damage to the physical and mental health of patients. In addition, VIPN brings huge healthcare costs to patients and society. Individuals with VIPN often exhibit mechanical allodynia, sensory/tactile disorders, and numbness in the hands and feet. Unfortunately, VIPN is easily ignored due to its variable symptoms, which gives rise to insufficient research on the aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease, thereby resulting in a lack of appropriate preventive and therapeutic management. We performed a comprehensive review of the latest findings on VIPN in terms of symptoms, risk factors, potential mechanisms, and prevention and treatment measures. The purpose was to help clinicians better understand and accurately diagnose VIPN, select appropriate intervention measures and reduce the damage to cancer patients.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Humans; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vincristine
PubMed: 33053366
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.10.004 -
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development Oct 2020Hematopoietic stem cell performance and identity, crucial for homeostasis of the blood-forming system, is governed by extrinsic factors found in the bone marrow... (Review)
Review
Hematopoietic stem cell performance and identity, crucial for homeostasis of the blood-forming system, is governed by extrinsic factors found in the bone marrow microenvironment. Communication within hematopoietic stem cell niches occurs via soluble factors or cell-to-cell contacts between niche and blood-forming cells - which in turn are influenced by systemic factors distributed by the bone marrow extracellular fluid. Although hematopoietic cell-intrinsic aging contributes to the aging phenotype of the hematopoietic system, the architecture and cellular composition of the bone marrow microenvironment have emerged to be highly dynamic during aging and suggested as a major driver for the functional limitations of the blood system observable in old individuals. Recent attention has been paid to the interface between the peripheral nervous system and blood-forming cells in the bone marrow in several clinical contexts and in aging - the latter is reviewed here.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Bone Marrow; Cell Differentiation; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Humans; Peripheral Nervous System; Stem Cell Niche
PubMed: 32795470
DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111329 -
Current Opinion in Neurobiology Aug 2014Signaling pathways and cellular processes that regulate neural development are used post-developmentally for proper function and maintenance of the nervous system. Genes... (Review)
Review
Signaling pathways and cellular processes that regulate neural development are used post-developmentally for proper function and maintenance of the nervous system. Genes that have been studied in the context of the development of Drosophila peripheral nervous system (PNS) and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have been identified as players in the pathogenesis of human neurodegenerative diseases, including spinocerebellar ataxia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinal muscular atrophy. Hence, by unraveling the molecular mechanisms that underlie proneural induction, cell fate determination, axonal targeting, dendritic branching, and synapse formation in Drosophila, novel features related to these disorders have been revealed. In this review, we summarize and discuss how studies of Drosophila PNS and NMJ development have provided guidance in experimental approaches for these diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cytoskeletal Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Drosophila; Humans; MicroRNAs; Muscle Proteins; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuromuscular Junction; Peripheral Nervous System; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 24762652
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.001