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Indian Journal of Pediatrics May 2024
PubMed: 38114862
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04988-w -
Clinical Psychological Science : a... May 2022Perseverative thinking (PT), or repetitive negative thinking, has historically been measured using global self-report scales. New methods of assessment are needed to...
Perseverative thinking (PT), or repetitive negative thinking, has historically been measured using global self-report scales. New methods of assessment are needed to advance understanding of this inherently temporal process. We developed an intensive longitudinal method for assessing PT. A mixed sample of 77 individuals ranging widely in trait PT, including persons with PT-related disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, major depression) and persons without psychopathology, used a joystick to provide continuous ratings of thought valence and intensity following exposure to scenarios of differing valence. Joystick responses were robustly predicted by trait PT, clinical status, and stimulus valence. Higher trait perseverators exhibited more extreme joystick values overall, greater stability in values following threatening and ambiguous stimuli, weaker stability in values following positive stimuli, and greater inertia in values following ambiguous stimuli. The joystick method is a promising measure with the potential to shed new light on the dynamics and precipitants of perseverative thinking.
PubMed: 35959247
DOI: 10.1177/21677026211038017 -
Journal of the American College of... Mar 2018
Topics: Autopsy; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Humans
PubMed: 29544604
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.005 -
International Journal of Nursing... Jan 2020
PubMed: 32099852
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.12.013 -
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 2021Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a large-scale network disease resulting in variable signs and symptoms including gait impairment and higher order cognitive...
CONTEXT
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a large-scale network disease resulting in variable signs and symptoms including gait impairment and higher order cognitive dysfunction. Despite few studies showing the association of falls and cognitive dysfunction, the existing literature is yet to establish the exact relationship of discrete characteristics of gait with cognitive function in PSP.
AIMS
In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to characterize and explore the relationship of these two apparently distinct physiological phenomena in patients with PSP and across its different variants.
METHODS AND MATERIAL
Quantitative assessment of two-dimensional gait parameters was measured using an electronic walkway (GAITRite®). Dementia Rating Scale-2 was used to assess global as well as higher order cognitive functions.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
A regression model was used to interpret results.
RESULTS
We observed that the variability domain of gait was significantly impaired in PSP patients with severe cognitive impairment compared to that of intact cognition. Moreover, initiation/perseveration (I/P), a higher order cognitive process, and one of its specific components, i.e., complex verbal task (β = 2.39, < 0.001), significantly predict gait velocity in PSP [ (1, 40) = 16.102, < 0.001].
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that the severity of cognitive functions affects gait variability, which might lead to frequent falls as observed in PSP. Furthermore, semantic fluency task of I/P function may act as a predictor of gait velocity. We suspect that higher order cognitive dysfunction through the damage of frontal lobe structure including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or related network may influence gait in PSP.
PubMed: 35359519
DOI: 10.4103/aian.AIAN_71_21 -
The American Journal of Occupational... Nov 2023Mindsets are personal beliefs that one's abilities and personality traits can be improved and modified through education and effort. It is known that mindsets contribute...
IMPORTANCE
Mindsets are personal beliefs that one's abilities and personality traits can be improved and modified through education and effort. It is known that mindsets contribute to behavior and achievements; however, research on mindsets in the context of participation is still lacking.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the correlations between mindsets and dimensions of participation among healthy adolescents and to explore the unique contribution of mindsets to the total explained variance of adolescents' participation diversity, frequency, independence, enjoyment, and satisfaction.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional.
SETTING
Community in Israel.
PARTICIPANTS
Healthy adolescents (N = 115; 63 females, 52 males) ages 11 to 16 yr (M age = 13.77, SD = 1.22) and their parents.
OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The Mindset and Perseverance Questionnaire was used to assess mindsets regarding intelligence, emotions and behavior, and perseverance. The Adolescence Participation Questionnaire was used to assess participation in daily activities.
RESULTS
Mindset regarding emotions, behavior, and perseverance was positively and moderately associated with all participation measures aside from diversity. Mindset regarding intelligence was not associated with participation. The regression analysis indicates that the explanatory variables had a significant modest contribution of 6% to 13% to the total explained variance in adolescents' participation frequency, independence, and enjoyment. Of note, mindset regarding perseverance was found to be the main predictor.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Mindsets and participation are correlated. Beliefs regarding perseverance and effort contribute significantly to various dimensions of adolescents' participation. Occupational therapy practitioners may find growth mindset theory capable of enriching interventions aimed at promoting adolescents' optimal participation. What This Article Adds: This is the first study to assess adolescents' mindset in the context of their participation. The findings demonstrate the significant contribution of mindsets regarding perseverance, effort, emotions, and behavior to participation in everyday activities among healthy adolescents. The findings can be incorporated into interventions aimed at promoting adolescents' optimal participation.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Pleasure; Emotions; Educational Status; Israel
PubMed: 37943368
DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050297 -
Psychological Reports Apr 2022Many American and Dutch adolescents use marijuana regularly. There is concern that such use may impair cognitive function more in adolescents than adults. We examined...
Many American and Dutch adolescents use marijuana regularly. There is concern that such use may impair cognitive function more in adolescents than adults. We examined effects of regular marijuana use on long-term memory and perseveration among American and Dutch adolescents. We administered Buschke's Selective Reminding Test (BSRT) to assess long-term memory and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) to assess perseveration in male teenagers. Usable test data were obtained for 12 American marijuana users, 13 American controls, 9 Dutch marijuana users, and 12 Dutch controls. In BSRT, users showed lower overall long-term storage than controls (adjusted means ± SE's for numbers of words per trial of 9.4 ± 0.2, 13.4 ± 0.3, 11.7 ± 0.2, and 12.4 ± 0.2 for American users, Dutch users, American controls, and Dutch controls, respectively). Marijuana was associated with memory effects only in American, not Dutch, users. Bivariate Pearson correlations for American and Dutch users combined showed associations of lower total recall with more uses in the previous year and lifetime (r = -0.61 and r = -0.53, respectively); and more perseverative errors with more uses in the previous year (r = 0.55). Some findings were consistent with the possibility that regular adolescent marijuana use causes deficits in cognition, especially memory. However, a causal interpretation cannot be inferred from our findings and is challenging to reconcile with the observation of memory deficits only in American users. Our study was novel in examining the influence of nationality on marijuana's cognitive effects. More studies of this topic should compare effects across nationalities or cultures.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cannabis; Cognition; Humans; Male; Marijuana Use; Memory; Neuropsychological Tests; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 33517837
DOI: 10.1177/0033294121988992 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin Dec 2022The present study conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relation between grit and subjective well-being (SWB). The association between grit (i.e., overall grit,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The present study conducted a meta-analysis to examine the relation between grit and subjective well-being (SWB). The association between grit (i.e., overall grit, perseverance of effort, and consistency of interest) and SWB (i.e., positive affect, negative affect, happiness, depression, life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and school satisfaction) were synthesized across 83 studies and 66,518 participants. The results based on a random-effects model showed a substantial correlation between overall grit and SWB (ρ = .46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [.43, .48]), followed by perseverance of effort (ρ = .38, 95% CI = [.33, .43]) and consistency of interest (ρ = .23, 95% CI = [.17, .28]). The moderator analysis indicated that the correlations between overall grit/consistency of effort and SWB become weaker as age increased, and these links were stronger in affective well-being than in cognitive well-being. Moreover, grit explained unique variance in SWB even after controlling for conscientiousness. Implications and directions for further research are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Personal Satisfaction; Happiness; Schools; Job Satisfaction
PubMed: 34802306
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211053453 -
Canadian Journal of Experimental... Mar 2016In this article, I review a series of new findings concerning how age-related changes in strategic variations are modulated by sequential effects. Sequential effects... (Review)
Review
In this article, I review a series of new findings concerning how age-related changes in strategic variations are modulated by sequential effects. Sequential effects refer to how strategy selection and strategy execution on current problems are influenced by which strategy is used on immediately preceding problems. Two sequential effects during strategy selection (i.e., strategy revisions and strategy perseverations) and during strategy execution (i.e., strategy switch costs and modulations of poorer strategy effects) are presented. I also discuss how these effects change with age during adulthood. These phenomena are important, as they shed light on arithmetic processes and how these processes change with age during adulthood. In particular, they speak to the role of executive control while participants select and execute arithmetic strategies. Finally, I discuss the implications of sequential effects for theories of strategies and of arithmetic.
Topics: Aging; Executive Function; Humans; Mathematics; Mental Processes; Problem Solving
PubMed: 26372058
DOI: 10.1037/cep0000068 -
Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin May 2023Two studies were conducted to further the understanding of daily experiences of perseverance and passion and the influences of personality traits (e.g., grit and...
Two studies were conducted to further the understanding of daily experiences of perseverance and passion and the influences of personality traits (e.g., grit and conscientiousness) and contextual factors. Study 1 applied the experience sampling method ( = 116; observations = 5,187) and found that perseverance of effort (PE) predicted passion when controlling for conscientiousness. Study 2 used the day reconstruction method ( = 468; observations = 1,872) and found that both PE and consistency of interest (CI) had effects, although CI was a stronger predictor than PE. In both studies, PE was moderated only by instrumentality of the activity, whereas CI was moderated only by perceived difficulty. We also found mediating effects of instrumentality, (lower) perceived difficulty, and (fewer) intrusive thoughts on the pathways between traits and perseverance and passion. These results deepen our knowledge on why and how perseverance-related traits impact daily experiences of perseverance and passion.
Topics: Humans; Emotions; Goals; Motivation; Personality; Male; Female; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult
PubMed: 35209764
DOI: 10.1177/01461672221076970