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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Apr 2018This paper describes the contribution of two infant temperamental biases to variation in behaviour and biology over the first 18 years in a sample of middle-class... (Review)
Review
This paper describes the contribution of two infant temperamental biases to variation in behaviour and biology over the first 18 years in a sample of middle-class Caucasian children. One bias, called high reactive, is defined by frequent display of limb activity and crying in four-month-old infants to unexpected or unfamiliar events. The other, called low reactive, is defined by the opposite pair of behaviours to the same incentives. High reactive infants are likely to display cautious, avoidant responses and signs of an excitable amygdala to unexpected experiences. Low reactives are characterized by a sociable, emotionally spontaneous profile to the same experiences and a minimally excitable amygdala. However, each bias is a better predictor of the future traits that are unlikely to develop than the ones that do. The final pattern of traits is a function of the person's temperaments, life history, and current circumstances.This article is part of the theme issue 'Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences'.
Topics: Adolescent; Amygdala; Child; Child, Preschool; Emotions; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Motivation; Personality; Personality Assessment; Personality Disorders; Reactive Inhibition; Temperament
PubMed: 29483343
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0158 -
Emotion (Washington, D.C.) Apr 2024Emotional well-being has a known relationship with a person's direct social ties, including friendships; but do ambient social and emotional features of the local...
Emotional well-being has a known relationship with a person's direct social ties, including friendships; but do ambient social and emotional features of the local community also play a role? This work takes advantage of university students' assignment to different local networks-or "social microclimates"-to probe this question. Using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression, we quantify the collective impact of individual, social network, and microclimate factors on the emotional well-being of a cohort of first-year college students. Results indicate that well-being tracks individual factors but also myriad social and microclimate factors, reflecting one's peers and social surroundings. Students who belonged to emotionally stable and tight-knit microclimates (i.e., had emotionally stable friends or resided in densely connected residence halls) reported lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of life satisfaction, even when controlling for factors such as personality and social network size. Although rarely discussed or acknowledged in the policies that create them, social microclimates are consequential to well-being, especially during life transitions. The effects of microclimate factors are small relative to some individual factors; however, they explain unique variance in well-being that is not directly captured by emotional stability or other individual factors. These findings are novel, but preliminary, and should be replicated in new samples and contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Microclimate; Friends; Personality; Peer Group
PubMed: 37824222
DOI: 10.1037/emo0001277 -
European Journal of Dental Education :... Feb 2022The transactional model of stress is a framework describing the process for coping with stressful events as a relationship between the individual person and environment....
INTRODUCTION
The transactional model of stress is a framework describing the process for coping with stressful events as a relationship between the individual person and environment. This study aimed to investigate the associations between personality, learning environment and experiences of mental health for a cohort of Australian dentistry students.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Students were invited in 2017 to complete an online questionnaire including the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) and Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCIR-140). Students were followed-up one year later, and generalised estimating equations were used.
RESULTS
A total of 219 (response 73.5%) students participated in the study. Two personality profiles of dentistry students were identified. Group 1 were significantly higher in the traits persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness and reward dependence, whereas Group 2 were significantly higher in harm avoidance. Students with Group 2 personality had a 3.12 (CI:1.72-5.65) increased odds of depression compared to Group 1 students. Compared to students with positive perceptions of the learning environment, students with negative perceptions had increased odds of stress (3.48, CI: 1.85-6.53), depression (2.71, CI: 1.57- 4.65) and anxiety (2.59, CI: 1.56-4.28).
CONCLUSION
Students with personalities high in levels of self-directedness, cooperativeness and persistence and low in harm avoidance, as found in Group 1, demonstrate high levels of general well-being. Positive perceptions of the dentistry learning environment were found to be an important influence on students stress. This study highlighted a number of factors important to student well-being and provides direction for further investigation of interventions aimed at enhancing student well-being.
Topics: Australia; Character; Dentistry; Education, Dental; Humans; Students
PubMed: 33474765
DOI: 10.1111/eje.12666 -
Journal of Personality Dec 2023Although intelligence and personality traits have long been recognized as key predictors of students' academic achievement, little is known about their longitudinal and...
OBJECTIVE
Although intelligence and personality traits have long been recognized as key predictors of students' academic achievement, little is known about their longitudinal and reciprocal associations. Here, we charted the developmental interplay of intelligence, personality (Big Five) and academic achievement in 3880 German secondary school students, who were assessed four times between the ages 11 and 14 years (i.e., in grades 5, 6, 7, and 8).
METHOD
We fitted random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPs) to investigate reciprocal within-person associations between (a) academic achievement and intelligence, (b) academic achievement and personality, as well as (c) intelligence and personality.
RESULTS
The results revealed negative within-person associations between Conscientiousness and Extraversion assessed at the first wave of measurement and intelligence assessed at the second wave. None of the reciprocal personality-achievement associations attained statistical significance. Academic achievement and intelligence showed reciprocal within-person relations, with the strongest coefficients found for achievement longitudinally predicting intelligence.
CONCLUSIONS
Our work contributes to developmental theorizing on interrelations between personality, intelligence, and academic achievement, as well as to within-person conceptualizations in personality research.
Topics: Humans; Child; Adolescent; Academic Success; Personality; Intelligence; Educational Status; Students
PubMed: 36650902
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12810 -
Journal of Clinical and Experimental... Apr 2024Personality research is of relevance because it provides insights into the psychological strengths and vulnerabilities of a person. Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) is a severe...
Personality research is of relevance because it provides insights into the psychological strengths and vulnerabilities of a person. Korsakoff's syndrome (KS) is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder following acute thiamine deficiency, usually as a consequence of alcohol-use disorders. Research on personality traits of KS patients is currently limited. The aim of the current exploratory study was therefore to examine the personality traits and problems of KS patients. We assessed self-reported and informant-reported personality traits and problems in institutionalized KS patients ( = 30). Results indicate that the psychotic personality organization was more frequently present in KS patients compared to a psychiatric reference population, leading to increased vulnerability for the development of severe psychiatric issues. Informants observed more premorbid and current cluster B ("emotional") and C ("anxious") personality behavior in comparison to the general population. Also, rigid- and socially avoidant behavior in KS patients was observed to increase over the years. They also observed personality problems such as emotional-, unpredictable-, dramatic-, anxious and fearful behavior in the present and in the past. KS patients reported themselves as healthy individuals, indicating a lack of self-awareness. We recommend training programs for the medical team focussed on psycho-education and supportive interventions for patients with complex personality problems concomitant to KS.
Topics: Humans; Korsakoff Syndrome; Male; Female; Personality Disorders; Middle Aged; Personality; Aged; Adult; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
PubMed: 38640075
DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2344840 -
Georgian Medical News Feb 2021The article presents the results of the development and testing of the latest, supplemented and modified version of the author's psychodiagnostic technique...
The article presents the results of the development and testing of the latest, supplemented and modified version of the author's psychodiagnostic technique "Test-questionnaire of propensity adventurousness (AVANT-1)". Adventurousness is viewed as a personality trait, as a stable propensity to adventurous behavior, which is characterized by the internal, mental activity of a person (attitudes, expectations, emotional experiences, thoughts, thought-forms, etc.). This mental activity (energy) induces the person to the corresponding external, physical activity, which manifests itself in adventurous actions, behavior, deeds. The theoretical construct of the latest version of the technique (AVANT-7) is given and described; it diagnoses 7 components of adventurousness, reflecting, mainly, the qualitative level of its continuum and hierarchical structure: attitudinal, emotional, cognitive, conative (behavioral) components of adventurousness; sensitivity to one's own and other' adventurous intentions, actions, behavior; integral (general) indicator of adventurousness. The results of approbation of this psychodiagnostic tool, which was carried out according to all the requirements of psychometrics, are analyzed. The theoretical construct of the method was empirically verified, its reliability and validity were proved. The practical area of the technique application is individual and group psychological, psychotherapeutic and psychocorrectional work. The technique allows to measure and describe an individual's propensity to adventurousness, moreover, a personal propensity, which has not been studied by other psychodiagnostic methods, but which manifests itself both in persons with a mental norm and in persons with behavioral, psychological and psychosocial problems up to the transition to character accentuations, to psychopathies and psychopathology.
Topics: Emotions; Humans; Personality; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33814402
DOI: No ID Found -
Teaching and Learning in Medicine 2022Medical educators increasingly recognize both the challenges introverts, compared to extraverts, may face in medical training and the unique strengths they bring to...
PHENOMENON
Medical educators increasingly recognize both the challenges introverts, compared to extraverts, may face in medical training and the unique strengths they bring to practice. However, few researchers have examined in-depth how introverts and extraverts truly experience training and practice, particularly in specialties like surgery that tend to value qualities (e.g., dominance and assertiveness) typically associated with extraverts. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of individuals with both personalities within the field of general surgery.
APPROACH
Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, six general surgeons and 10 general surgery residents who identified as introverted, extraverted, or ambiverted were recruited from two Canadian tertiary care hospitals to participate in semi-structured interviews. Data collection and analysis occurred iteratively, and data were analyzed using open, selective, and thematic coding. Constant comparison allowed us to make sense of the similar and dissimilar views that emerged from each interview.
FINDINGS
Irrespective of their personalities, participants voiced two general patterns of responses. Some participants believed that "personality doesn't matter": that both introverted and extraverted practice styles were equally viable and neither introverts nor extraverts would find surgical training more challenging than the other (culture of equality). However, others believed that "personality matters," emphasizing that surgeons should be dominant and aggressive leaders. Only those who believed "personality matters" felt that introverts sometimes needed to act more extraverted in order to succeed in surgical training (culture of hierarchy). Similar numbers of introverts and extraverts adhered to each viewpoint.
INSIGHTS
Our qualitative approach allowed us to draw meaning from the complex subjective experiences of our research participants. Our findings suggest that two competing cultures (equality and hierarchy) co-exist within the field of surgery and that trainees, depending on which culture they adhere most to, will or will not "adapt" their personalities to the workplace. These findings deepen our understanding of the nuances of surgical culture and have important implications for how we select candidates based on personality.
Topics: Canada; Extraversion, Psychological; Humans; Introversion, Psychological; Personality; Surgeons
PubMed: 34000927
DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2021.1922284 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Mar 2023Gender identity is a deeply felt internal sense of self, which may correspond (cisgender) or not correspond (transgender) with the person's assigned sex at birth.... (Review)
Review
Gender identity is a deeply felt internal sense of self, which may correspond (cisgender) or not correspond (transgender) with the person's assigned sex at birth. Transgender, nonbinary, and gender diverse people may choose to affirm their gender in any number of ways including medical gender affirmation. This is a primer on the medical care of transgender individuals which covers an introduction to understanding a common language, history of transgender medical care, creating a welcoming environment, hormone therapy, surgical therapies, fertility considerations, and cancer screening in transgender people.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Male; Female; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity
PubMed: 36759103
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.011 -
Molecular Psychiatry Jun 2023The human brain's resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) provides stable trait-like measures of differences in the perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social... (Review)
Review
The human brain's resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) provides stable trait-like measures of differences in the perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and social functioning of individuals. The rsFC of the prefrontal cortex is hypothesized to mediate a person's rational self-government, as is also measured by personality, so we tested whether its connectivity networks account for vulnerability to psychosis and related personality configurations. Young adults were recruited as outpatients or controls from the same communities around psychiatric clinics. Healthy controls (n = 30) and clinically stable outpatients with bipolar disorder (n = 35) or schizophrenia (n = 27) were diagnosed by structured interviews, and then were assessed with standardized protocols of the Human Connectome Project. Data-driven clustering identified five groups of patients with distinct patterns of rsFC regardless of diagnosis. These groups were distinguished by rsFC networks that regulate specific biopsychosocial aspects of psychosis: sensory hypersensitivity, negative emotional balance, impaired attentional control, avolition, and social mistrust. The rsFc group differences were validated by independent measures of white matter microstructure, personality, and clinical features not used to identify the subjects. We confirmed that each connectivity group was organized by differential collaborative interactions among six prefrontal and eight other automatically-coactivated networks. The temperament and character traits of the members of these groups strongly accounted for the differences in rsFC between groups, indicating that configurations of rsFC are internal representations of personality organization. These representations involve weakly self-regulated emotional drives of fear, irrational desire, and mistrust, which predispose to psychopathology. However, stable outpatients with different diagnoses (bipolar or schizophrenic psychoses) were highly similar in rsFC and personality. This supports a diathesis-stress model in which different complex adaptive systems regulate predisposition (which is similar in stable outpatients despite diagnosis) and stress-induced clinical dysfunction (which differs by diagnosis).
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Temperament; Disease Susceptibility; Psychotic Disorders; Brain; Personality; Connectome; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37015979
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02039-6 -
Trends in Ecology & Evolution Jan 2015An exciting area in behavioural ecology focuses on understanding why animals exhibit consistent among-individual differences in behaviour (animal personalities). Animal... (Review)
Review
An exciting area in behavioural ecology focuses on understanding why animals exhibit consistent among-individual differences in behaviour (animal personalities). Animal personality has been proposed to emerge as an adaptation to individual differences in state variables, leading to the question of why individuals differ consistently in state. Recent theory emphasizes the role that positive feedbacks between state and behaviour can play in producing consistent among-individual covariance between state and behaviour, hence state-dependent personality. We review the role of feedbacks in recent models of adaptive personalities, and provide guidelines for empirical testing of model assumptions and predictions. We discuss the importance of the mediating effects of ecology on these feedbacks, and provide a roadmap for including state-behaviour feedbacks in behavioural ecology research.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Ecosystem; Feedback; Personality; Phenotype
PubMed: 25498413
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.004