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Journal of Personality Apr 2019Although there is a robust connection between dispositional personality traits and well-being, relatively little research has comprehensively examined the ways in which...
OBJECTIVE
Although there is a robust connection between dispositional personality traits and well-being, relatively little research has comprehensively examined the ways in which all Big Five personality states are associated with short-term experiences of well-being within individuals. We address three central questions about the nature of the relationship between personality and well-being states: First, to what extent do personality and well-being states covary within individuals? Second, to what extent do personality and well-being states influence one another within individuals? Finally, are these within-person relationships moderated by dispositional personality traits and well-being?
METHOD
Two experience sampling studies (N = 161 and N = 146) were conducted over 2 weeks.
RESULTS
Across both studies, all Big Five personality states were correlated with short-term experiences of well-being within individuals. Individuals were more extraverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, agreeable, and open in moments when they experienced higher well-being (greater self-esteem, life satisfaction and positive affect, and less negative affect). Moreover, personality and well-being states dynamically influenced one another over time within individuals, and these associations were not generally moderated by dispositional traits or well-being.
CONCLUSIONS
Behavior and well-being are interconnected within the context of the Big Five model of personality.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Ecological Momentary Assessment; Female; Humans; Male; Personal Satisfaction; Personality; Self Concept; Young Adult
PubMed: 29626341
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12389 -
Personality Disorders Jul 2018Impulsivity is a transdiagnostic dimension of crucial importance to understanding psychopathology, as it is highly relevant to a wide array of maladaptive life outcomes...
Impulsivity is a transdiagnostic dimension of crucial importance to understanding psychopathology, as it is highly relevant to a wide array of maladaptive life outcomes including substance use, criminality, and other risky behaviors. There exist a variety of operationalizations of impulsivity across the literature distinct nomological networks. In fact, research suggests that "impulsivity" is a multifaceted construct comprised of at least 4 distinct traits that have unique pathways to maladaptive behaviors. Those traits are positive and negative urgency, sensation seeking, premeditation, and perseverance. Thus, it is crucial that any diagnostic system, or model of maladaptive traits, capture the nuances among these impulsigenic traits. The present study investigated the conceptualization of impulsigenic traits within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Alternative personality disorder model and an alternative trait model to determine how well they captured these variants. This study obtained questionnaire ratings and behavioral task data from 450 community-dwelling adults oversampled for a history of involvement in the legal and/or mental health systems. The results showed that although the DSM-5 trait model captures well a broad conceptualization of impulsivity, some lower-order facets lack specificity. (PsycINFO Database Record
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Male; Middle Aged; Personality; Personality Disorders; Psychometrics; Young Adult
PubMed: 28493733
DOI: 10.1037/per0000253 -
Journal of Personality Oct 2021While the overlap between personality and psychopathology is well documented, few studies examine how the two overlap at a lower, moment-to-moment level. We took an...
OBJECTIVE
While the overlap between personality and psychopathology is well documented, few studies examine how the two overlap at a lower, moment-to-moment level. We took an idiographic approach to examine personality and psychopathology processes at the individual level. Doing so offers a unique perspective by incorporating both dynamic time and structural analysis, two components that are traditionally examined separately when investigating the overlap between personality and psychopathology.
METHOD
Two experience sample studies measured personality states and personality problems up to four-times a day over a two-week period (Study 1 N = 349, observations = 11,124; Study 2 N = 161, observations = 8,261).
RESULTS
For some, personality states and personality problems are deeply intertwined, mirroring existing between-person findings. But for others the two are separate, indicating it is possible to separate personality (states) from a person's problems. Between-person differences in levels of depression had no association with the idiographic structure, indicating that between-person constructs operate separately from within-person processes. Finally, situations that are more likely to bring out personality problems did not alter the association between personality states and personality problems.
CONCLUSIONS
This method provides a novel conceptualization of personality-psychopathology overlap, bringing the focus beyond mostly static, between-person models to more dynamic, individual-level models.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Models, Psychological; Personality; Personality Disorders; Psychopathology
PubMed: 33748991
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12634 -
Current Opinion in Psychiatry Jan 2023People and communities around the world face many crises, including increasing burdens from disease, psychopathology, burn-out, social distrust, and acts of hate and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
People and communities around the world face many crises, including increasing burdens from disease, psychopathology, burn-out, social distrust, and acts of hate and terrorism. Personality disorder is arguably both a root cause and a consequence of these problems, creating a vicious cycle of suffering caused by fears, immoderate desires, and social distrust that are inconsistent with rational goals and prosocial values. Fortunately, recent advances in understanding the biopsychosocial basis and dynamics of development in personality and its disorders offer insights to address these problems in effective person-centered ways.
RECENT FINDINGS
Fundamental advances have been made recently in the understanding of the psychobiology and sociology of personality in relationship to health, and in basic mechanisms of personality change as a complex process of learning and memory. Promotion of self-awareness and intentional self-control releases a strong tendency for people to seek coherence of their emotions and habits with what gives their life meaning and value.
SUMMARY
People have a strong drive to cultivate personalities in which their emotions and habits are reliably in accord with reasonable goals and prosocial values. Person-centered therapeutics provide practical ways to promote a virtuous cycle of increasing well being for individuals and their communities and habitats.
Topics: Humans; Temperament; Personality Disorders; Personality; Emotions; Psychopathology
PubMed: 36449732
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000833 -
Personality and psychological profile for patients with and without halitosis: A case-control study.Oral Diseases Apr 2024To compare the personalities, social avoidance and distress, and anxiety status of Chinese patients with and without objective halitosis, and investigate the association...
OBJECTIVE
To compare the personalities, social avoidance and distress, and anxiety status of Chinese patients with and without objective halitosis, and investigate the association among these psychological disorders.
METHODS
Patients who complained of bad breath and diagnosed with objective halitosis were enrolled into the halitosis group, while patients without objective halitosis were enrolled into the control group. The questionnaires included the sociodemographic profile of the participants, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI).
RESULTS
A total of 280 patients were assigned into objective halitosis group (n = 146) and control group (n = 134). The extraversion subscales (E) score of the EPQ in the halitosis group were significantly lower than that in the control group (p = 0.001). The total SAD score and proportion of patients with anxiety symptoms in the BAI scale in the objective halitosis was significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the extraversion subscale and the total SAD score, Social Avoidance and Social Distress subscales (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Patients with objective halitosis have more introverted personality traits and are more likely to have social avoidance and distress than the nonhalitosis population.
Topics: Humans; Halitosis; Male; Female; Case-Control Studies; Middle Aged; Adult; Personality; Anxiety; Extraversion, Psychological; Personality Inventory; Introversion, Psychological; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult; Aged
PubMed: 36975762
DOI: 10.1111/odi.14577 -
Journal of Personality and Social... May 2021People actively select their environments, and the environments they select can alter their psychological characteristics in the moment and over time. Such dynamic...
People actively select their environments, and the environments they select can alter their psychological characteristics in the moment and over time. Such dynamic person-environment transactions are likely to play out in the context of daily life via the places people spend time in (e.g., home, work, or public places like cafes and restaurants). This article investigates personality-place transactions at 3 conceptual levels: stable personality traits, momentary personality states, and short-term personality trait expressions. Three 2-week experience sampling studies (2 exploratory and 1 confirmatory with a total N = 2,350 and more than 63,000 momentary assessments) were used to provide the first large-scale evidence showing that people's stable Big Five traits are associated with the frequency with which they visit different places on a daily basis. For example, extraverted people reported spending less time at home and more time at cafés, bars, and friends' houses. The findings also show that spending time in a particular place predicts people's momentary personality states and their short-term trait expression over time. For example, people reported feeling more extraverted in the moment when spending time at bars/parties, cafés/restaurants, or friends' houses, compared with when at home. People who showed preferences for spending more time in these places also showed higher levels of short-term trait extraversion over the course of 2 weeks. The findings make theoretical contributions to environmental psychology, personality dynamics, as well as the person-environment transactions literature, and highlight practical implications for a world in which the places people visit can be easily captured via GPS sensors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Ecological Momentary Assessment; Emotions; Environment; Extraversion, Psychological; Female; Friends; Humans; Male; Personality; Young Adult
PubMed: 32496085
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000297 -
Psychodynamic Psychiatry 2018This study explores the relationship between clinicians' emotional reactions and patients' level of personality organization and personality style assessed according to...
This study explores the relationship between clinicians' emotional reactions and patients' level of personality organization and personality style assessed according to the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual-2 (Lingiardi & McWilliams, 2017). Level of personality pathology was positively associated with helpless and overwhelmed responses and negatively with positive responses. Parental and disengaged responses were associated with schizoid, anxious and dependent personalities. Parental and criticized responses were associated with narcissistic personalities; their depressed versions were positively associated with parental reactions, but negatively with positive reactions. Parental and overwhelmed responses were associated with counter-dependent and passive-aggressive dependent personalities; the latter also with criticized reactions. Disengaged responses were associated with depressive personalities, particularly with their introjective subtypes, obsessive-compulsive and somatizing personalities. Overwhelmed reactions were associated with relational self-defeating and hysterical/histrionic personalities, the latter also with sexualized reactions. Sexualized and helpless reactions were connected to hypomanic personalities. Findings show that emotional reactions can be useful for understanding personality features.
Topics: Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Countertransference; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Emotions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Personality; Personality Disorders; Professional-Patient Relations; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 30199340
DOI: 10.1521/pdps.2018.46.3.357 -
Journal of Personality Apr 2019Though initially charming and inviting, narcissists often engage in negative interpersonal behaviors. Identifying and avoiding narcissists therefore carries adaptive...
OBJECTIVE
Though initially charming and inviting, narcissists often engage in negative interpersonal behaviors. Identifying and avoiding narcissists therefore carries adaptive value. Whereas past research has found that people can judge others' grandiose narcissism from their appearance (including their faces), the cues supporting these judgments require further elucidation. Here, we investigated which facial features underlie perceptions of grandiose narcissism and how they convey that information.
METHOD AND RESULTS
In Study 1, we explored the face's features using a variety of manipulations, ultimately finding that accurate judgments of grandiose narcissism particularly depend on a person's eyebrows. In Studies 2A-2C, we identified eyebrow distinctiveness (e.g., thickness, density) as the primary characteristic supporting these judgments. Finally, we confirmed the eyebrows' importance in Studies 3A and 3B by measuring how much perceptions of narcissism changed when swapping narcissists' and non-narcissists' eyebrows between faces.
CONCLUSIONS
Together, these data show that distinctive eyebrows reveal narcissists' personality to others, providing a basic understanding of the mechanism through which people can identify narcissistic personality traits with potential application to daily life.
Topics: Adult; Cues; Eyebrows; Facial Recognition; Female; Humans; Male; Narcissism; Personality; Social Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 29729185
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12396 -
Journal of Religion and Health Feb 2016Jews comprise less than one percent of the world’s population; however, in the second half of the twentieth century and in the twenty-first century Jews have been... (Review)
Review
Jews comprise less than one percent of the world’s population; however, in the second half of the twentieth century and in the twenty-first century Jews have been awarded more than 25 % of the Nobel Prizes. Why are Jews so creative? Some have claimed, they are genetically more intelligent as determined by IQ tests. Whereas there is an intelligence threshold people must reach before being highly creative after this threshold is reached there is no strong relationship between creativity and intelligence. Creative innovation is heavily dependent upon disengagement and divergent thinking as well as subsequent convergent thinking and productivity. The mean by which a person’s brain functions is dependent upon both nature (genetically determined) and nature (learned). In regard to nature, from their earliest age many Jewish children are encouraged to question as well as taught that disobedience in the pursuit of truth and justice is not only justified but is also desirable. Thus, disobedience in this regard is not the cultivation of insolence, but rather gives rise to disengagement and divergent thinking, the critical elements of creativity.Training can also alter the brain, and the Jewish people success in creativity may not be related to their genetically determined IQ, but rather the learned propensity to earnestly question and seek better alternatives.
Topics: Creativity; Humans; Intelligence; Jews
PubMed: 26547305
DOI: 10.1007/s10943-015-0139-x -
BMC Medical Education Aug 2022Personality traits often have an impact on the way individuals relate to each other as colleagues and the patients we treat. It is often perceived that distinct...
PURPOSE
Personality traits often have an impact on the way individuals relate to each other as colleagues and the patients we treat. It is often perceived that distinct personality exist between different specialties and may help predict success during one's training and career.
METHODS
Objective of the study was to compare the personality between surgical and medical residents. Thirty-five medical residents and 35 surgical residents completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, a validated measure of personality traits. A score was generated for each of the 5 major character traits namely: neuroticism(N), extraversion(E), openness(O), conscientiousness(C), agreeableness(A). Each of these traits were subdivided into 6 component facets. This was compared with sociodemographic characteristics.
RESULTS
Medical residents displayed higher scores in the area of overall Agreeableness, with a mean score of 47.4 vs 40.5. Within Agreeableness facets, medical residents also displayed higher scores of straightforwardness, altruism and modesty. Surgical residents displayed higher scores in terms of overall Extraversion (52.4 vs 45.4). Within the Extraversion facets, surgical residents were also more assertive and excitement-seeking. There was no difference in the overall neuroticism domain; however, within the neuroticism facets, surgical residents had statistically higher mean scores in angry hostility and impulsiveness. Gender stratification did not result in any statistically significant difference.
CONCLUSION
There are fundamental differences between personalities of medical and surgical residents. Detailed analysis of each individual's data could be useful, with proper assistance and coaching, for residents in learning more about their personalities and how these impact their clinical practice. This can be beneficial in future career counselling and the development of a more holistic medical practitioner.
Topics: Extraversion, Psychological; Humans; Internal Medicine; Internship and Residency; Personality; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 36038850
DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03689-w