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Current Opinion in Psychiatry May 2015This study builds on the self-disorder hypothesis of schizophrenia and further develops it by integrating the notion of 'selfhood' with that of 'personhood'. The... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This study builds on the self-disorder hypothesis of schizophrenia and further develops it by integrating the notion of 'selfhood' with that of 'personhood'. The self-disorder hypothesis brings to light the patient's subjective abnormal experiences. What may remain out of focus is the person's attitude towards these anomalous experiences.
RECENT FINDINGS
Taking into account the notion of personhood allows for an articulation of the way the suffering person reflectively responds to and makes sense of her troubled selfhood. This approach is conducive to the development of a person-centred dialectical (PCD) model of schizophrenia that is concerned not only with the phenomenological description of troubled selfhood but also with how persons with schizophrenia interact and cope with their abnormal experiences. The principal clinical implication is the development of a two-tier descriptive system including phenomenal assessment of disordered selfhood and appraisal of personal background.
SUMMARY
The recognition of the patient's resources is necessary for effective treatment, as recovery requires not only the reduction of full-blown symptoms but also a change in the patient's attitude with respect to her basic abnormal phenomena. The latter involves the person's own effort to make sense of and cope with her vulnerability.
Topics: Attitude; Ego; Humans; Personhood; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology
PubMed: 25774634
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000155 -
Personality and Mental Health Aug 2018Most studies on depression and personality have focused on the role of Neuroticism and Extraversion. Openness is a much less studied trait in this literature, as past...
Most studies on depression and personality have focused on the role of Neuroticism and Extraversion. Openness is a much less studied trait in this literature, as past studies investigating Openness and depression often have found non-significant correlations between them. However, past studies mostly have investigated Openness and depression at the domain level and used non-clinical samples. In the present study, the relationship between depression and Openness at the domain and facet levels was examined in a sample of 266 participants recruited from outpatient psychiatric settings. Findings showed that although the Openness domain was significantly related to depression, it did not account for a significant proportion of unique variance for depression. However, Openness did account for a significant proportion of unique variance for depression at the facet level, even after accounting for sex, age, Neuroticism and Extraversion. Specifically, unique effects emerged for the facets of Aesthetics positively predicting Depression and Values negatively predicting Depression and Anhedonia. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Extraversion, Psychological; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neuroticism; Personality; Young Adult
PubMed: 29611346
DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1417 -
Psychological Reports Apr 2021Grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, predicts success in a number of social domains. The present two studies examined grit and its subscales,...
Grit, defined as passion and perseverance for long-term goals, predicts success in a number of social domains. The present two studies examined grit and its subscales, and how these relate to both adaptive and maladaptive personality traits pertaining to success. For Study 1, based on data from 249 participants, results indicated that grit was correlated positively with proactive personality, personal growth initiative, and competitiveness, and the perseverance subscale also was correlated positively with self- and other-oriented perfectionism. The findings of Study 1 led us to further explore the dark aspects of grit in Study 2: based on data from 222 participants, results indicated that grit was correlated negatively with Machiavellianism, hypercompetitiveness, and most forms of narcissism but positively correlated with adaptive grandiose narcissism. Collectively, results reveal grit to be a positive, adaptive trait but raise questions regarding the perfectionistic tendencies of gritty individuals and the unitary nature of the construct.
Topics: Achievement; Adolescent; Adult; Competitive Behavior; Female; Humans; Machiavellianism; Male; Middle Aged; Narcissism; Perfectionism; Personality; Young Adult
PubMed: 32077362
DOI: 10.1177/0033294120907316 -
Personality and Social Psychology... Aug 2024We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as , and measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two... (Review)
Review
We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as , and measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: , which arise from the target person's own reports, and , which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge-and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality.
Topics: Humans; Personality; Personality Assessment; Psychometrics
PubMed: 38314773
DOI: 10.1177/10888683231222519 -
Disability and Rehabilitation Jul 2018An earlier study states that the terms of desire, longing, and vanity carry with them ideas, emotions, and values that influence how individuals perceive themselves and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
An earlier study states that the terms of desire, longing, and vanity carry with them ideas, emotions, and values that influence how individuals perceive themselves and their rehabilitation process. Our aim was (1) to use concept analysis to explore the meaning of the terms desire, longing, and vanity and (2) to investigate the potential role of these concepts in successful rehabilitation back to work.
METHODS
To achieve these two objectives, we used a model of concept analysis. The final step in the model is to define empirical references, for example, articles within the scientific literature, to determine the existence of a concept in a given situation.
RESULTS
The concept analysis resulted in 15 new searchable terms. All of these were accepted in the thesaurus system for the databases we used. We identified 59 scientific articles that were deemed relevant to the purposes of the study. Of these, only 20 was about emotions as driving forces in a rehabilitation process back to work.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the study is that the concepts of desire, longing, and vanity encompassed ideas, emotions, and values that influence how individuals perceived themselves and their situations. How individuals talk about and understand rehabilitation will undoubtedly play a role in how they respond to interventions, and thus, the success of the rehabilitation process back to work. Implications for rehabilitation Emotional energy often drives behavior and can provide significant motivation that potentially can mobilize vocational rehabilitation. The concepts of desire, longing and vanity encompass ideas, emotions, and values that influence individuals' self-perception and their view of their situation. To engage people in discussions on what they long for and desire could be a new way to connect with a person in a rehabilitation situation. It can be less provoking to talk about what a person desires or longs for than to ask them what they want or are motivated for. Feelings of meaningfulness are a basic driving force and a contributing factor in how health is experienced. By affirming the desire to do activities that are liked, this in turn generates motivation to be engaged in other activities. Individual confidence is generated through the experience of mastering a skill and this in turn can underpin a desire to return to work after long-term sick leave. Earlier experience of success can be an inspiration and create expectations for a forthcoming working-role. Emotions relating to work such as pride can generate motivation in a rehabilitation process. Vanity and the possibility of being "ashamed" in a certain situation can be an emotional driving force to re-establish one's self.
Topics: Disabled Persons; Humans; Motivation; Personality; Rehabilitation, Vocational; Return to Work; Self Concept; Sick Leave
PubMed: 28395536
DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1312569 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jan 2016Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with high personal and public health consequences, partly due to a high risk of recurrence. This longitudinal study...
BACKGROUND
Depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder with high personal and public health consequences, partly due to a high risk of recurrence. This longitudinal study examines personality traits, structural and subjective social support dimensions as predictors of first and recurrent episodes of depression in initially non-depressed subjects.
METHODS
Data were obtained from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). 1085 respondents without a current depression or anxiety diagnosis were included. 437 respondents had a prior history of depression, 648 did not. Personality dimensions were measured with the NEO-FFI, network size, partner-status, negative and positive emotional support were measured with the Close Person Questionnaire. Logistic regression analyses (unadjusted and adjusted for clinical variables and sociodemographic variables) examined whether these psychosocial variables predict a new episode of depression at two year follow up and whether this differed among persons with or without a history of depression.
RESULTS
In the unadjusted analyses high extraversion (OR:.93, 95% CI (.91-.96), P<.001), agreeableness (OR:.94, 95% CI (.90-.97), P<.001), conscientiousness (OR:.93, 95% CI (.90-.96), P<.001) and a larger network size (OR:.76, 95% CI (.64-.90), P=.001) significantly reduced the risk of a new episode of depression. Only neuroticism predicted a new episode of depression in both the unadjusted (OR:1.13, 95% CI (1.10-1.15), P<.001) and adjusted analyses (OR:1.06, 95% CI (1.03-1.10), P<.001). None of the predictors predicted first or recurrent episodes of depression differently.
LIMITATIONS
we used a relatively short follow up period and broad personality dimensions.
CONCLUSIONS
Neuroticism seems to predict both first and recurrent episodes of depression and may be suitable for screening for preventive interventions.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Comorbidity; Depression; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Neuroticism; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Severity of Illness Index; Social Support
PubMed: 26519635
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.020 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021The aim of this study was to assess the level of creativity and personality traits and their mutual influence on medical students using the DECAS and BWAS. We performed...
The aim of this study was to assess the level of creativity and personality traits and their mutual influence on medical students using the DECAS and BWAS. We performed a prospective descriptive study on 119 medical students from Târgu Mureș, Romania between November 2020 and July 2021, who answered questions relating to the BWAS and DECAS scales to evaluate their creativity and personality traits. Our findings pointed out a reverse correlation between age and both the original and revised BWAS (r = -0.2037, = 0.0263; r = -0.1931, = 0.0354). In terms of extraversion, we found a significant positive correlation for both openness (r = 0.3032, = 0.0008) and emotional stability (r = 0.2868, = 0.0016) and a negative correlation between extraversion and agreeability (r = -0.2394, = 0.0087). Regarding creativity, we found positive correlations between emotional stability and both the original and revised BWAS (r = 0.20, = 0.0279; r = 0.20, = 0.0245). Medical students' creativity might be positively influenced by emotional stability and seems to decrease with age. Higher extraversion scores could be related to increased openness and emotional stability as well as decreased agreeability.
Topics: Communication; Extraversion, Psychological; Humans; Personality; Prospective Studies; Students, Medical
PubMed: 34501788
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179201 -
Journal of Safety Research Dec 2020Though previous research has linked personality and workplace safety, results have been inconsistent. Aims of the present study were to understand when and how...
INTRODUCTION
Though previous research has linked personality and workplace safety, results have been inconsistent. Aims of the present study were to understand when and how personality factors predict safety performance.
METHODS
With 492 working adults, a moderated mediation model was tested whereby the relationship between personality and safety behavior was mediated by safety motivation and moderated by situation strength (i.e., safety climate perceptions).
RESULTS
Findings indicate that, aside from extraversion, safety motivation mediated all relationships between FFM personality traits and safety behavior. The mediated relationship between conscientiousness and safety motivation was attenuated by safety climate perceptions. However, relationships between all other personality traits and safety motivation, and ultimately safety behavior, remained consistent or, in the case of extraversion, was augmented at higher levels of safety climate perceptions.
CONCLUSION
Results demonstrate an empirical basis for how and when personality translates into safety behavior at work. Additionally, findings provide a theoretical explanation for the mixed results among previous studies of personality's relationship with safety outcomes. Implications are discussed for employee selection and training practices in safety-intensive industries.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Psychological; Personality; Psychology, Industrial; Safety; United States; Workplace; Young Adult
PubMed: 33334486
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.008 -
Psychological Science Oct 2022A longstanding goal of psychology is to predict the things that people do and feel, but tools to accurately predict future behaviors and experiences remain elusive. In...
A longstanding goal of psychology is to predict the things that people do and feel, but tools to accurately predict future behaviors and experiences remain elusive. In the present study, we used intensive longitudinal data ( = 104 college-age adults at a midwestern university; total assessments = 5,971) and three machine-learning approaches to investigate the degree to which three future behaviors and experiences-loneliness, procrastination, and studying-could be predicted from past psychological (i.e., personality and affective states), situational (i.e., objective situations and psychological situation cues), and time (i.e., trends, diurnal cycles, time of day, and day of the week) phenomena from an idiographic, person-specific perspective. Rather than pitting persons against situations, such an approach allows psychological phenomena, situations, and time to jointly predict future behaviors and experiences. We found (a) a striking degree of prediction accuracy across participants, (b) that a majority of participants' future behaviors are predicted by both person and situation features, and (c) that the most important features vary greatly across people.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Motivation; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 36219572
DOI: 10.1177/09567976221093307 -
Journal of Adolescence Jul 2022In adolescence, personality traits and educational identity processes are interwoven. Previous studies have shown that personality traits predict healthy identity...
INTRODUCTION
In adolescence, personality traits and educational identity processes are interwoven. Previous studies have shown that personality traits predict healthy identity commitment and exploration in education. However, the direction of associations between personality traits and an identity process that searches for another identity option (i.e., reconsideration of commitment) is unclear. Furthermore, there is a lack of prospective studies regarding the direction of the association between personality traits and the educational identity process using within-person methods. Therefore, this study examined the direction of these associations.
METHODS
Participants of this four-wave longitudinal study comprised 618 Japanese 13-year-old adolescents (53.3% girls). This study involved a 1-year-interval assessment.
RESULTS
Cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) indicated that four personality traits (neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) predicted three educational identity processes, while reconsideration of commitment predicted two personality traits (i.e., neuroticism and conscientiousness). Random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) indicated that agreeableness predicted healthy commitment, while commitment predicted agreeableness at within-person level.
CONCLUSION
The findings from CLPM suggest that reconsideration of commitment is a significant factor to predict healthy (i.e., conscientiousness) and unhealthy (i.e., neuroticism) personality traits in individual differences. Furthermore, the findings from RI-CLPM suggest that agreeableness may be a key trait in promoting healthy educational identity commitment. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Neuroticism; Personality; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 35694957
DOI: 10.1002/jad.12062