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Recent Advances in Food, Nutrition &... 2023Humans and many other creatures depend on agriculture for survival, but it is impossible to cultivate without the use of pesticides. Different types of harmful organism... (Review)
Review
Humans and many other creatures depend on agriculture for survival, but it is impossible to cultivate without the use of pesticides. Different types of harmful organism or pest exists in every agricultural crop. Synthetic pesticides are widely utilised around the world as a solution to this problem, but there are drawbacks associated with their application, the most significant of which are the severe negative impacts on ecosystems and human health. Organically made pesticides should be used instead of synthetic pesticides to reduce their harmful effects. Unlike chemical pesticides, natural pesticides do not cause any harm to non-target creatures and are inexpensive. Most botanical pesticides degrade rapidly, usually in only a few days but sometimes may even take hour. One of the most promising approaches to reducing pesticide pollution and protecting crops, food, and the environment is to use botanical insecticides. Beneficial insects such as earthworms are much less likely to be killed by biopesticides. The source of herbal insecticides is herbal plants. Each plant has distinct effect since every plant have their own chemical constituent. This review explains about numerous herbs and shrubs that feature distinct insecticidal, pesticidal and repelling effect. Insecticidal activity is discovered in a broad variety of herbal plants, and this review analyses those plants in detail, defining the major active ingredient responsible for these effects.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Insecticides; Ecosystem; Pesticides; Insecta; Crops, Agricultural; Insect Repellents
PubMed: 37537931
DOI: 10.2174/2772574X14666230804102104 -
The Science of the Total Environment May 2023Following agricultural application, pesticides can enter streams through runoff during rain events. However, little information is available on the temporal dynamics of...
Following agricultural application, pesticides can enter streams through runoff during rain events. However, little information is available on the temporal dynamics of pesticide toxicity during the main application period. We investigated pesticide application and large scale in-stream monitoring data from 101 agricultural catchments obtained from a Germany-wide monitoring from April to July in 2018 and 2019. We analysed temporal patterns of pesticide application, in-stream toxicity and exceedances of regulatory acceptable concentrations (RAC) for over 70 pesticides. On a monthly scale from April to July, toxicity to invertebrates and algae/aquatic plants (algae) obtained with event-driven samples (EDS) was highest in May/June. The peak of toxicity towards invertebrates and algae coincided with the peaks of insecticide and herbicide application. Future monitoring, i.e. related to the Water Framework Directive, could be limited to time periods of highest pesticide applications on a seasonal scale. On a daily scale, toxicity to invertebrates from EDS exceeded those of grab samples collected within one day after rainfall by a factor of 3.7. Within two to three days, toxicity in grab samples declined compared to EDS by a factor of ten for invertebrates, and a factor of 1.6 for algae. Thus, toxicity to invertebrates declined rapidly within 1 day after a rainfall event, whereas toxicity to algae remained elevated for up to 4 days. For six pesticides, RAC exceedances could only be detected in EDS. The exceedances of RACs coincided with the peaks in pesticide application. Based on EDS, we estimated that pesticide exposure would need a 37-fold reduction of all analysed pesticides, to meet the German environmental target to keep RAC exceedances below 1 % of EDS. Overall, our study shows a high temporal variability of exposure on a monthly but also daily scale to individual pesticides that can be linked to their period of application and related rain events.
Topics: Animals; Pesticides; Rivers; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Agriculture; Invertebrates; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 36758694
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162105 -
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology Jun 2021The increase in the size of the global population increases the food and energy demand, making the use of pesticides in agricultural and livestock industries... (Review)
Review
The increase in the size of the global population increases the food and energy demand, making the use of pesticides in agricultural and livestock industries unavoidable. Exposure to pesticides can be toxic to the non-target species, such as humans, wildlife, and livestock, in addition to the target organisms. Various chemicals are used in the livestock industry to control harmful organisms, such as insects, weeds, and parasites. Pigs are one of the most important food sources for humans. In addition, pigs can be used as promising models for assessing the risk of absorption of environmental pollutants through the skin and oral exposure since they are physiologically similar to humans. Exposure to numerous environmental pollutants, such as mycotoxins, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals, has been reported to adversely affect growth, fertility, and endocrine homeostasis in pigs. Various pesticides have been observed in porcine tissues, blood, urine, and processed foods; however, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of their effects on porcine health. This review provides a comprehensive description of the characteristics of pesticides that pigs can be exposed to and how their exposure affects porcine reproductive function, intestinal health, and endocrine homeostasis in vivo and in vitro.
Topics: Agriculture; Animals; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Pesticides; Swine
PubMed: 33993968
DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104850 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2023Nanopesticides are considered to be a novel and efficient kind of tool for controlling pests in modern agriculture. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with high surface...
Nanopesticides are considered to be a novel and efficient kind of tool for controlling pests in modern agriculture. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), with high surface areas, ordered structures, and rich functional groups for loading pesticides, are a class of promising carrier materials that can be used to develop efficient nanopesticide delivery systems. However, until now, only a strong ionic interaction between the pesticide and COF can be utilized to achieve the combination between the pesticide and COF. On the basis of this method, charged pesticide molecules are the only choice for COF-based nanopesticides, which limits the exploitation. The way to load the uncharged pesticide molecules into COF still needs to be explored. Herein, in this research, we provided a commonly mild and high-efficacy strategy for loading an uncharged pesticide molecule into COF. The herbicide cyhalofop-butyl (CB), as a neutral model pesticide molecule, was loaded into the sphere COF (SCOF, a model COF synthesized at room temperature) without any ionic interaction via the host-guest strategy. The loading capacity of CB into SCOF (CB@SCOF) was determined at 57% (w/w). Smaller CB@SCOF particles (150-200 nm) can efficiently enter the weed leaves and stems, enhancing the accumulation of the effective concentration in weeds, thus increasing herbicidal activity, in comparison to CB emulsifiable (EC, micrometer scale). Furthermore, CB@SCOF had a solubilization effect for CB in water and can improve the photostability of CB. Thus, the CB-loaded COF nanosphere showed excellent herbicidal activities against the target weeds and compared to commercial CB EC. In conclusion, this study also provides a mild and high-efficacy pesticide loading strategy for COFs. The constructed efficient delivery system and pesticide formulation containing herbicidal COF nanospheres exhibit great potential applications for controlling weeds in sustainable agriculture.
Topics: Herbicides; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Pesticides; Butanes; Plant Weeds
PubMed: 36629331
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07616 -
Food Chemistry Mar 2022Organophosphates and carbamates pesticides are widely used to increase crop production globally causing a threat to human health and the environment. A variety of... (Review)
Review
Organophosphates and carbamates pesticides are widely used to increase crop production globally causing a threat to human health and the environment. A variety of pesticides are applied during different stages of vegetable production. Therefore, monitoring the presence of pesticide residues in food and soil has great relevance to sensitive pesticide detection through distinct determination methods that are urgently required. Conventional techniques for the detection of pesticides have several limitations that can be overcome by the development of highly sensitive, fast, reliable and easy-to-use electrochemical biosensors. Herein, we describe the types of biosensors with the main focus on electrochemical biosensors fabricated for the detection of OPPs and carbamates pesticides. An overview of conventional techniques employed for pesticide detection is also discussed. This review aims to provide a glance of recently developed biosensors for some common pesticides like chlorpyrifos, malathion, parathion, paraoxon, and carbaryl which are present in food and environment samples.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Humans; Parathion; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Vegetables
PubMed: 34583176
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131126 -
Reviews of Environmental Contamination... 2019Sulfur dioxide (SO) is an atmospheric pollutant that is moderately persistent in the atmosphere and highly water soluble. When applied as a pesticide, SO may be... (Review)
Review
Sulfur dioxide (SO) is an atmospheric pollutant that is moderately persistent in the atmosphere and highly water soluble. When applied as a pesticide, SO may be transported, deposited, or transformed in various chemical reactions. SO participates in the sulfur biogeochemical cycle, which involves complex reactions of sulfur-containing compounds between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. The main degradation route of SO is atmospheric oxidation, and sulfur oxides may undergo long-distance transport prior to removal from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. According to the Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) database maintained by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), SO use in California from 2010 to 2015 was primarily for fumigations (96%), including treatments of postharvest grape products and winery equipment sterilizations. Other site uses contributed less than 5% of reported statewide SO use from 2010 to 2015. A slight increasing trend in use of SO as a pesticide was observed from 2010 to 2015, with the highest reported uses of SO within California counties during the months of July-November. Although the primary sources of SO in the environment are anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, emissions of SO from pesticide uses have the potential to contribute to the environmental and public welfare impacts of SO pollution. Oxidation of atmospheric SO may contribute to the negative environmental and public welfare impacts of acid rain, which include toxicity to aquatic organisms, fish, and terrestrial vegetation, and corrosion of man-made materials.
Topics: California; Corrosion; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Pesticides; Plants; Sulfur Dioxide
PubMed: 29526018
DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_11 -
Chemosphere Oct 2022Bats are strictly protected throughout Europe. They are a highly diverse order of mammals in terms of body size, body weight, migratory behaviour, trophic niche...
Bats are strictly protected throughout Europe. They are a highly diverse order of mammals in terms of body size, body weight, migratory behaviour, trophic niche specialisation and habitat use. The latter ranges from urban areas and arable land to forest. Due to their low reproductive rate, environmental stressors can have a major impact on bat populations. Pesticides in particular are discussed as an important driver of bat population declines. In this work, we analysed nearly 400 animals of five different species (Eptesicus serotinus, Myotis myotis, Nyctalus noctula, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, and Plecotus auritus) from all over Germany for residues of 209 pesticides and persistent organic pollutants. Residue analysis was conducted with a previously developed method using a miniaturized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) sample preparation and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for separation and detection. These analytical data were statistically correlated with the known data on the animals (e.g. age, sex, place and time of finding). Of 209 pesticides and pollutants investigated, 28 compounds were detected, the most frequent being organochlorine insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, which have been banned for decades by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Detection of more recent pesticides that were legally used for the last decade included azole antifungals and the insecticide fipronil. The bats contained between four and 25 different residues. Statistical data analyses showed that the distribution throughout Germany is largely comparable, and single exceptions were observed in specialized ecological niches. In conclusion, this work provides the largest dataset of pesticide and persistent organic pollutant residues in European bats to date.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Insecticides; Persistent Organic Pollutants; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 35714958
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135342 -
Environmental Science & Technology May 2023Contamination of the environment by pesticide residues is a growing concern given their widespread presence in the environment and their effects on ecosystems. Only a...
Contamination of the environment by pesticide residues is a growing concern given their widespread presence in the environment and their effects on ecosystems. Only a few studies have addressed the occurrence of pesticides in soils, and their results highlighted the need for further research on the persistence and risks induced by those substances. We monitored 111 pesticide residues (48 fungicides, 36 herbicides, 25 insecticides and/or acaricides, and two safeners) in 47 soils sampled across France under various land uses (arable lands, vineyards, orchards, forests, grasslands, and brownfields). Pesticides were found in 98% of the sites (46 of the 47 sampled), including untreated areas such as organic fields, forests, grasslands, and brownfields, with up to 33 different substances detected in one sample, mostly fungicides and herbicides. The concentrations of herbicides were the highest in soils with glyphosate, and its transformation product, AMPA, contributed 70% of the cumulative herbicides. Risk assessment underlined a moderate to high risk for earthworms in arable soils mostly attributed to insecticides and/or acaricides. Finally, the comparison with pesticide application by farmers underlines the presence of some residues long after their supposed 90% degradation and at concentrations higher than predicted environmental concentrations, leading to questions their real persistence in soils.
Topics: Pesticide Residues; Soil; Insecticides; Agriculture; Fungicides, Industrial; Acaricides; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Soil Pollutants; Pesticides; Herbicides
PubMed: 37172312
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09591 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2023As a special category of pesticides, chiral pesticides have increased the difficulty in investigating pesticide toxicity. Based on their usage, chiral pesticides can be... (Review)
Review
As a special category of pesticides, chiral pesticides have increased the difficulty in investigating pesticide toxicity. Based on their usage, chiral pesticides can be divided into insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Over the past decades, great efforts have been made on elucidating their toxicological effects. However, no literature has reviewed the enantioselective toxicity of chiral pesticides since 2014. In recent years, more chiral pesticides have been registered for application. As such, huge research progresses have been achieved in enantioselective toxicity of chiral pesticides. Generally, more researches have remedied the knowledge gap in toxicological effects of old and new chiral pesticides. And the toxicological endpoints being evaluated have become more specific rather than centering on basic toxicity and target organisms. Besides, the underlying mechanisms accounting for the enantioselectivity in toxicological effects of chiral pesticides have been discussed as well. All in all, this review provides the critical knowledge for risk assessments, and help to drive the green-technology of single- or enriched-enantiomer pesticides and formulation of relevant laws and regulations.
Topics: Pesticides; Herbicides; Stereoisomerism; Fungicides, Industrial; Insecticides
PubMed: 36280076
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159656 -
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Mar 2022Panax notoginseng is a perennial Chinese medicinal plant, which has serious continuous cropping obstacles and is prone to a variety of diseases and insect pests during...
Panax notoginseng is a perennial Chinese medicinal plant, which has serious continuous cropping obstacles and is prone to a variety of diseases and insect pests during the growth process. At present, the prevention and control of pests and diseases is mainly carried out through chemical pesticides, and the consequent pesticide residues of P. notoginseng have attracted much attention. This study reviewed the types and detection methods of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng from 1981 to 2021, and compared the limits of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng in China and abroad to provide a reference for rational application of pesticides in P. notoginseng and quality control of medicinal materials, thereby promoting the sustainable development of the P. notoginseng industry in China. Currently, there are only 40 published papers on pesticide residues of P. notoginseng, which is indicative of a serious problem of insufficient research. At present, hundreds of pesticide residues in P. notoginseng can be detected simultaneously by using chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pesticides detected have gradually changed from early prohibited ones, such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane(DDT), benzene hexachloride(BHC), and parathion, to low toxic ones(e.g., dimethomorph, procymidone, propicona-zole, and difenoconazole). The dietary risk from pesticide residues in P. notoginseng is low, which would not cause harm to consu-mers. This study concluded that in the future, the development of the quality standard for pesticide residues of P. notoginseng should be actively carried out. To increase the pesticides used in actual production in the quality standard based on the existing ones and to guide farmers to use pesticides scientifically will be the focus of future work.
Topics: China; Panax notoginseng; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 35347941
DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20211221.101