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Journal of Burn Care & Research :... Apr 2019Lubricating agents facilitate effective harvesting of split-thickness skin grafts. Multiple agents, including water-based gel, mineral oil, glycerin, and poloxamer 188,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Lubricating agents facilitate effective harvesting of split-thickness skin grafts. Multiple agents, including water-based gel, mineral oil, glycerin, and poloxamer 188, have been utilized in this capacity. The agent selected is typically at the discretion of the provider and institution, as a single "ideal" lubricant remains to be objectively established. Furthermore, a recent discontinuation of Shur-Clens® Skin Wound Cleanser1 (a wound cleansing solution consisting of the surfactant poloxamer 188) has prompted the search for a suitable substitute for many providers. The purpose of this study is to directly compare five lubricants (including a novel surgical lubricant-based solution) to select a preferred agent. Four practitioners blindly tested five lubricants while harvesting a split-thickness skin graft on a porcine skin model (glycerin, mineral oil, saline, poloxamer 188, and a novel lubricant solution created with surgical lube and sterile water). The results were recorded on a Likert scale where 1 indicated poor performance and 5 indicated excellent performance. Data were pooled, and means were compared with analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey test. The cost of each lubricating solution was also reported. Mean scores for each of the solutions were as follows: dry control = 1.1 ± 0.1; glycerin = 2.62 ± 1.02, saline = 3.88 ± 0.81, mineral oil = 3.75 ± 1.00, novel water-based lubricant solution = 4.63 ± 0.71, and poloxamer 188 = 3.88 ± 0.81. All solutions were superior to dry control (P < .01). Glycerin was noted to have statistically lower scores than all of the other solutions (P < .01). The novel water-based surgical lubricant solution had significantly higher mean scores than both glycerin (P < .01) and mineral oil (P < .05). Each solution was compared according to dollars per 100cc with glycerin and Shur-Clens® representing the most expensive options at almost $3/100cc and saline the least expensive at less than $0.15/100cc. In a porcine skin model, the novel water-based surgical lubricant solution had the best performance. It was statistically superior to glycerin and mineral oil and was also found to be the most cost-effective option in terms of overall performance compared with relative cost. Glycerin had the worst performance with statistically lower scores than all other solutions. Glycerin was also found to be the least cost-effective due to a large discrepancy between high cost and low overall performance. Saline performed better than expected. These results may be skewed due to the inherently greasy nature of the butcher shop porcine skin, creating limitations and decreasing the fidelity of the model. In a search for the "ideal" lubricant, other models should be further studied.
Topics: Analysis of Variance; Animals; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Gels; Glycerol; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Humans; Lubricants; Mineral Oil; Poloxamer; Sensitivity and Specificity; Skin Transplantation; Swine; Tissue and Organ Harvesting
PubMed: 30801643
DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz027 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2015White petrolatum is a mixture of solid and liquid hydrocarbons and its structure can be affected by shear stress. Thus, it might also induce changes in its rheological...
Effects of mixing procedure itself on the structure, viscosity, and spreadability of white petrolatum and salicylic acid ointment and the skin permeation of salicylic acid.
White petrolatum is a mixture of solid and liquid hydrocarbons and its structure can be affected by shear stress. Thus, it might also induce changes in its rheological properties. In this study, we used polarization microscopy to investigate how different mixing methods affect the structure of white petrolatum. We used two different mixing methods, mixing using a rotation/revolution mixer and mixing using an ointment slab and an ointment spatula. The extent of the fragmentation and dispersal of the solid portion of white petrolatum depended on the mixing conditions. Next, we examined the changes in the structure of a salicylic acid ointment, in which white petrolatum was used as a base, induced by mixing and found that the salicylic acid solids within the ointment were also dispersed. In addition to these structural changes, the viscosity and thixotropic behavior of both test substances also decreased in a mixing condition-dependent manner. The reductions in these parameters were most marked after mixing with a rotation/revolution mixer, and similar results were obtained for spreadability. We also investigated the effects of mixing procedure on the skin accumulation and permeation of salicylic acid. They were increased by approximately three-fold after mixing. Little difference in skin accumulation or permeation was detected between the two mixing methods. These findings indicate that mixing procedures themselves affect the utility and physiological effects of white petrolatum-based ointments. Therefore, these effects should be considered when mixing is required for the clinical use of petrolatum-based ointments.
Topics: Animals; Drug Compounding; Ointments; Petrolatum; Rheology; Salicylic Acid; Skin; Skin Absorption; Swine; Viscosity
PubMed: 25400272
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c14-00558 -
Soft Matter Jul 2015Oil migration in chocolate and chocolate-based confections leads to undesirable visual and textural changes. Establishing ways to slow this unavoidable process would...
Oil migration in chocolate and chocolate-based confections leads to undesirable visual and textural changes. Establishing ways to slow this unavoidable process would increase shelf life and reduce consumer rejection. Diffusion is most often credited as the main pathway by which oil migration occurs. Here, we use fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) to explore the diffusion coefficients of vegetable and mineral oil through fat crystal networks at different solid fat contents (SFC). Differences in compatibility between the fat and oil lead to unique primary crystal clusters, yet those variations do not affect diffusion at low SFCs. Trends deviate at higher SFCs, which we ascribe to the influence of the differing crystal cluster structures. We relate our results to the strong and weak-link rheological regimes of fat crystal networks. Finally, we connect the results to relationships developed for polymer gel systems.
Topics: Cacao; Crystallization; Diffusion; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching; Food Quality; Food Storage; Gels; Mineral Oil; Rapeseed Oil; Scattering, Small Angle; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 26063443
DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01355k -
Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jun 2023Establishing tissue-mimicking biophotonic phantom materials that provide long-term stability are imperative to enable the comparison of biomedical imaging devices across...
Establishing tissue-mimicking biophotonic phantom materials that provide long-term stability are imperative to enable the comparison of biomedical imaging devices across vendors and institutions, support the development of internationally recognized standards, and assist the clinical translation of novel technologies. Here, a manufacturing process is presented that results in a stable, low-cost, tissue-mimicking copolymer-in-oil material for use in photoacoustic, optical, and ultrasound standardization efforts. The base material consists of mineral oil and a copolymer with defined Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) numbers. The protocol presented here yields a representative material with a speed of sound c(f) = 1,481 ± 0.4 m·s at 5 MHz (corresponds to the speed of sound of water at 20 °C), acoustic attenuation α(f) = 6.1 ± 0.06 dB·cm at 5 MHz, optical absorption µa(λ) = 0.05 ± 0.005 mm at 800 nm, and optical scattering µs'(λ) = 1 ± 0.1 mm at 800 nm. The material allows independent tuning of the acoustic and optical properties by respectively varying the polymer concentration or light scattering (titanium dioxide) and absorbing agents (oil-soluble dye). The fabrication of different phantom designs is displayed and the homogeneity of the resulting test objects is confirmed using photoacoustic imaging. Due to its facile, repeatable fabrication process and durability, as well as its biologically relevant properties, the material recipe has high promise in multimodal acoustic-optical standardization initiatives.
Topics: Diagnostic Imaging; Phantoms, Imaging; Ultrasonography; Mineral Oil; Acoustics; Polymers
PubMed: 37395576
DOI: 10.3791/65475 -
Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases May 2022Heartwater, Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in cattle, sheep, goats, and some wild ruminants, is an economically important disease in Africa characterized by high...
Heartwater, Ehrlichia ruminantium infection in cattle, sheep, goats, and some wild ruminants, is an economically important disease in Africa characterized by high mortality rates in susceptible populations. In South Africa, the current commercial heartwater vaccine is an infection and treatment type of immunization using virulent live E. ruminantium organisms generated from blood of infected sheep with subsequent treatment of the animals with antibiotics at specific times during the course of infection. This vaccine has several inherent problems preventing its wide use as the vaccine must be administered intravenously and it does not protect against all the South African field isolates. A vaccine based on inactivation of Zimbabwean E. ruminantium Mbizi strain organisms produced in endothelial cell cultures can be a sustainable option because it will not require antibiotic treatment and will be safe as there is no potential for reversion to virulence. Previous data generated in laboratory trials and under natural field setting provides support for this vaccine approach. Four inactivated vaccine formulations using the E. ruminantium Mbizi strain were tested for their efficacy in Merino sheep compared to an unvaccinated control group (11 sheep per group). Two vaccines were prepared by beta-propiolactone (BPL) inactivation, and two were inactivated with binary ethylenimine (BEI) while purification was done with both percoll and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The four vaccine preparations were formulated with Montanide ISA 50V2 adjuvant and administered twice subcutaneously (2 ml per dose) at an interval of 4 weeks. All groups were challenged with a virulent homologous cell-cultured E. ruminantium inoculated via the intra-venous route on day 56. The primary variable of efficacy was measured by the percentage survival rate or mortality between the Controls and Vaccine Groups. Three vaccine formulations (BEI/Percoll (Group 3), BEI/PEG (Group 4), BPL/Percoll, (Group 1) had a significantly higher percent of animal surviving challenge compared to the unvaccinated control (p-values 0.001, 0.035, 0.030, respectively). The highest number of survivors was obtained in Group 3 BEI/Percoll; 10/11 (91%). Groups 4 (BEI/PEG) and Group 1 (BPL/Percoll) produced similar percentage of survivals of 64%. In contrast, the lowest survival rate of 50% was observed in Group 2 (BPL/PEG) which was numerically different but not significantly different from the unvaccinated control which had an 18% survival rate (2/11). The inactivated vaccine using BEI or BPL as inactivating agents blended with ISA 50 adjuvant induced protective immunity against challenge. The BEI/Percoll (Group 3) vaccination regimen was most efficacious against a lethal heartwater challenge as it significantly protected sheep against mortality which is the most important aspect of heartwater infections. Future work should be directed towards improvement of this vaccine formulation especially from the down-stream processing point of view as the percoll method is not scalable for commercialization purposes.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Cattle; Ehrlichia ruminantium; Heartwater Disease; Mineral Oil; Sheep; South Africa
PubMed: 35339917
DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101942 -
Viruses Jul 2022The Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne bunyavirus of the Narovirus genus, which is the causative agent of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever...
The Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne bunyavirus of the Narovirus genus, which is the causative agent of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF). CCHF is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia, with a high case-fatality rate of up to 50% in humans. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or effective therapies available for CCHF. The GEM-PA is a safe, versatile and effective carrier system, which offers a cost-efficient, high-throughput platform for recovery and purification of subunit proteins for vaccines. In the present study, based on a GEM-PA surface display system, a GEM-PA based vaccine expressing three subunit vaccine candidates (G-GP, including G-eG, G-eG and G-NAb) of CCHFV was developed, displaying the ectodomains of the structural glycoproteins eG, eG and NAb, respectively. According to the immunological assays including indirect-ELISA, a micro-neutralization test of pseudo-virus and ELISpot, 5 μg GPBLP combined with Montanide ISA 201VG plus Poly (I:C) adjuvant (A-G-GP-5 μg) elicited GP-specific humoral and cellular immunity in BALB/c mice after three vaccinations via subcutaneous injection (s.c.). The consistent data between IgG subtype and cytokine detection, ELISpot and cytokine detection indicated balanced Th1 and Th2 responses, of which G-eG vaccines could elicit a stronger T-cell response post-vaccination, respectively. Moreover, all three vaccine candidates elicited high TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 cytokine levels in the supernatant of stimulated splenocytes in vitro. However, the neutralizing antibody (nAb) was only detected in A-G-eG and A-G-eG vaccination groups with the highest neutralizing titer of 128, suggesting that G-eG could elicit a stronger humoral immune response. In conclusion, the GEM-PA surface display system could provide an efficient and convenient purification method for CCHFV subunit antigens, and the G-GP subunit vaccine candidates will be promising against CCHFV infections with excellent immunogenicity.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo; Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mineral Oil; Vaccines, Subunit
PubMed: 36016285
DOI: 10.3390/v14081664 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2015White petrolatum is frequently used as an oleaginous base, but has a drawback of poor usability. In this trial, white petrolatum was prepared at a lower melting point to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
White petrolatum is frequently used as an oleaginous base, but has a drawback of poor usability. In this trial, white petrolatum was prepared at a lower melting point to improve its usability. Characteristic pharmaceutical values such as melting point, yield, and consistency were compared between a conventional product and ophthalmic white petrolatum. Usability was compared by administering a survey questionnaire and evaluating the comparable moisturizing effect by conductivity in humans. The melting point and yield value of the improved product were significantly lower compared with other white petrolatum products. In the survey, the improved product was rated excellent in five criteria. On a scale of 1 to 5, the average values for the five criteria for the improved product were 4.7, while the conventional product and ophthalmic white petrolatum were rated 3.0 and 3.5, respectively. No difference in moisturizing effect was observed among all petrolatums after application, from day 1 to day 14. In conclusion, the improved white petrolatum demonstrated better usability, and the moisturizing effect was equivalent to conventional product, suggesting that the use of this improved product may lead to improved adherence.
Topics: Administration, Ophthalmic; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Petrolatum; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 26632153
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00151 -
AAPS PharmSciTech Mar 2024Recently, vast efforts towards sustainability have been made in the pharmaceutical industry. In conventional oil-in-water (O/W) cream formulations, various...
Recently, vast efforts towards sustainability have been made in the pharmaceutical industry. In conventional oil-in-water (O/W) cream formulations, various petroleum-based excipients, namely mineral oil and petrolatum, are commonly used. Natural or synthetic excipients, derived from vegetable sources, were explored as alternatives to petroleum-based excipients in prototype topical creams, with 1% (w/w) lidocaine. A conventional cream comprised of petroleum-derived excipients was compared to creams containing sustainable excipients in terms of key quality and performance attributes, physicochemical properties, and formulation performance. The petrolatum-based control formulation had the highest viscosity of 248.0 Pa·s, a melting point of 42.7°C, a low separation index at 25°C of 0.031, and an IVRT flux of 52.9 µg/cm/h. Formulation SUS-4 was the least viscous formulation at 86.9 Pa·s, had the lowest melting point of 33.6°C, the highest separation index of 0.120, and the highest IVRT flux of 139.4 µg/cm/h. Alternatively, SUS-5 had a higher viscosity of 131.3 Pa·s, a melting point of 43.6°C, a low separation index of 0.046, and the lowest IVRT flux of 25.2 µg/cm/h. The cumulative drug permeation after 12 h from SUS-4, SUS-5, and the control were 126.2 µg/cm, 113.8 µg/cm, and 108.1 µg/cm, respectively. The composition of the oil-in-water creams had influence on physicochemical properties and drug release; however, skin permeation was not impacted. Sustainable natural or synthetic excipients in topical cream formulations were found to be suitable alternatives to petroleum-based excipients with comparable key quality attributes and performance attributes and should be considered during formulation development.
Topics: Excipients; Petroleum; Skin; Petrolatum; Water
PubMed: 38538866
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02784-z -
Medical Physics Apr 2019To identify an inexpensive, low-dielectric liquid for large magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phantoms that can be used at multiple magnetic field strengths.
PURPOSE
To identify an inexpensive, low-dielectric liquid for large magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phantoms that can be used at multiple magnetic field strengths.
METHODS
The T and T of four candidate phantom liquids (pure mineral oil, food-grade white mineral oil, silicone oil, and glycerol) with low dielectric constants were measured at three field strengths (0.35, 1.5, and 3 T) and extrapolated for 7 T. The complex permittivities of the liquids were measured for frequencies from 13 to 600 MHz. Proton densities were calculated based on molecular weight, proton number, and density. The results were compared to the American College of Radiology (ACR) large MRI phantom electrolyte liquid (10 mM NiCl and 75 mM NaCl in water) and deionized water. The liquids were evaluated based on the NEMA standards (T < 1200 ms, T > 50 ms, proton density within 20% of water, and produces minimal dielectric artifacts). The radiofrequency (RF) wavelengths were computed for each liquid at the four field strengths to determine the risk of dielectric artifacts.
RESULTS
The mineral oils were the only liquids to satisfy all of the NEMA guidelines. Excluding deionized water, silicone oil had the longest T and T , and was the most expensive liquid ($200/L). Glycerol had the shortest T and T , and the highest dielectric (excluding the ACR phantom electrolyte and deionized water). All of the liquids except silicone oil met the NEMA proton density guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS
Food-grade white mineral oil is a good candidate for use in a phantom due to its relaxation times, low dielectric, high proton density, and low cost. Glycerol and deionized water are poor choices for phantom liquids due to their relaxation times and high dielectric constants.
Topics: Algorithms; Electric Conductivity; Glycerol; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mineral Oil; Models, Theoretical; Phantoms, Imaging; Silicone Oils
PubMed: 30723933
DOI: 10.1002/mp.13429 -
AAPS PharmSciTech Apr 2018Degradation of triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) in an ointment was investigated. TCA appeared to be concentrated in propylene glycol (PG) which in turn is dispersed in a...
Degradation of triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) in an ointment was investigated. TCA appeared to be concentrated in propylene glycol (PG) which in turn is dispersed in a lanolin-petrolatum mixture. Two predominant degradation products were identified: a 21-aldehyde and a 17-carboxylic acid. The 21-aldehyde is formed after TCA is oxidized by O, a reaction that is catalyzed by trace metals. Logically, the content of trace metals has a profound effect on the degradation rate. It was shown that trace metals are extracted from lanolin and petrolatum by PG, increasing the concentration in PG. In accordance with these findings, TCA degrades faster in PG that is present in the ointment formulation than in regular PG. The 21-aldehyde was confirmed to be a primary degradation product, while the 17-carboxylic acid was identified as a secondary degradation product. Based on the mechanism of degradation, the ointment can be stabilized by the addition of sodium metabisulfite which was shown to reside also in the PG phase within the ointment.
Topics: Drug Stability; Excipients; Ointments; Petrolatum; Propylene Glycol; Sulfites; Triamcinolone Acetonide
PubMed: 29450828
DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0957-8