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Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie : Casopis... 2018Disintegrants are substances which promote disintegration of the solid dosage form in the dissolution medium or body fluids. Efficient disintegration is an important...
Disintegrants are substances which promote disintegration of the solid dosage form in the dissolution medium or body fluids. Efficient disintegration is an important prerequisite for ensuring release of the active substance and its good bioavailability. Several mechanisms of disintegrants´ action are currently recognized, but disintegration is a complex process, and the majority of substances act by combining multiple mechanisms. Superdisintegrants as an innovative materials allow more efficient disintegration of the dosage form in lower concentrations, without any negative impact on processability and mechanical properties of the final dosage form. Currently are in pharmaceutical technology used synthetic, modified (semi-synthetic), and also natural superdisintegrants, whose main representatives discribes this article. Key words: disintegrants • superdisintegrants • solid dosage forms • tablets • disintegration time • excipients.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Excipients; Solubility; Tablets; Technology, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 30189734
DOI: No ID Found -
CNS Spectrums Dec 2014Although addictive syndromes have been traditionally related to substance-use disorders, during the last few decades a novel addictive group, including the so-called... (Review)
Review
Although addictive syndromes have been traditionally related to substance-use disorders, during the last few decades a novel addictive group, including the so-called "behavioral or no-drug addictions," has been recognized and has attracted increasing attention for its relevant social impact. This group includes pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, TV/Internet/social network/videogame addictions, workaholism, sex and relationship addictions, orthorexia, and overtraining syndrome. Substance and behavioral addictions show similar phenomenological features, such as craving, dependence, tolerance, and abstinence, and perhaps they share a common possible pathophysiology. It is, however, controversial whether all or at least some of them should be considered real disorders or just normal, albeit extreme, behaviors. The aim of this article is to review current data on pharmacological treatment of behavioral addictions. As no specific and validated treatment algorithms are currently available, only an improved knowledge on their psychopathological, clinical, and neurobiological features may have relevant implications for more focused preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Psychopharmacology
PubMed: 24589040
DOI: 10.1017/S1092852913001041 -
Acta Pharmaceutica Hungarica 2015The photosensitivity originated from drugs is a common problem in medical and pharmaceutical practice. It is of prominent importance in drug development and in... (Review)
Review
The photosensitivity originated from drugs is a common problem in medical and pharmaceutical practice. It is of prominent importance in drug development and in regulatory issues. The photosensitizer effect of drug substances is determined by their chemical structures, and it mainly originates from aromatic chromophore systems and photo-dissociable bonds forming free radicals. The photodegradation may happen in many different types of chemical reaction pathways. Our aim is to demonstrate in this review the interrelations between structure and photodegradation. We show examples for the different reaction types, with drugs from different pharmacologic therapeutic classes. The in vivo chemical reactivity of photodegradates of pharmaceutical substances, the in vitro methods of investigation for testing photoreactivity and phototoxicity, and briefly the clinical tests for photosensitivity disorders are also discussed.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Humans; Photolysis; Photosensitivity Disorders; Photosensitizing Agents; Structure-Activity Relationship; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 26390736
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Nov 2020This Perspective of the published essential medicinal chemistry of cannabidiol (CBD) provides evidence that the popularization of CBD-fortified or CBD-labeled health... (Review)
Review
This Perspective of the published essential medicinal chemistry of cannabidiol (CBD) provides evidence that the popularization of CBD-fortified or CBD-labeled health products and CBD-associated health claims lacks a rigorous scientific foundation. CBD's reputation as a cure-all puts it in the same class as other "natural" panaceas, where valid ethnobotanicals are reduced to single, purportedly active ingredients. Such reductionist approaches oversimplify useful, chemically complex mixtures in an attempt to rationalize the commercial utility of natural compounds and exploit the "natural" label. Literature evidence associates CBD with certain semiubiquitous, broadly screened, primarily plant-based substances of undocumented purity that interfere with bioassays and have a low likelihood of becoming therapeutic agents. Widespread health challenges and pandemic crises such as SARS-CoV-2 create circumstances under which scientists must be particularly vigilant about healing claims that lack solid foundational data. Herein, we offer a critical review of the published medicinal chemistry properties of CBD, as well as precise definitions of CBD-containing substances and products, distilled to reveal the essential factors that impact its development as a therapeutic agent.
Topics: Animals; Cannabidiol; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Placebo Effect
PubMed: 32804502
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00724 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Jan 2021Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a promising synthesizer for precisely constructing almost arbitrary geometry in two and three dimensions. Among various DNA-based soft... (Review)
Review
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a promising synthesizer for precisely constructing almost arbitrary geometry in two and three dimensions. Among various DNA-based soft materials, DNA hydrogels are comprised of hydrophilic polymeric networks of crosslinked DNA chains. For their properties of biocompatibility, porosity, sequence programmability and tunable multifunctionality, DNA hydrogels have been widely studied in bioanalysis and biomedicine. In this review, recent developments in DNA hydrogels and their applications in drug delivery systems are highlighted. First, physical and chemical crosslinking methods for constructing DNA hydrogels are introduced. Subsequently, responses of DNA hydrogels to nonbiological and biological stimuli are described. Finally, DNA hydrogel-based delivery platforms for different types of drugs are detailed. With the emergence of gene therapy, this review also gives future prospects for combining DNA hydrogels with the gene editing toolbox.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; DNA; Drug Delivery Systems; Gene Editing; Hydrogels; Macromolecular Substances; RNA
PubMed: 32712197
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.018 -
Molecular Pharmaceutics Jul 2022For oral drugs, the formulator and discovery chemist have a tool available to them that can be used to navigate the risks associated with the selection and development... (Review)
Review
For oral drugs, the formulator and discovery chemist have a tool available to them that can be used to navigate the risks associated with the selection and development of immediate release oral drugs and drug products. This tool is the biopharmaceutics classification system (giBCS). Unfortunately, no such classification system exists for inhaled drugs. The perspective outlined in this manuscript provides the foundational principles and framework for a classification system for inhaled drugs. The proposed classification system, an inhalation-based biopharmaceutics classification system (iBCS), is based on fundamental biopharmaceutics principles adapted to an inhalation route of administration framework. It is envisioned that a classification system for orally inhaled drugs will facilitate an understanding of the technical challenges associated with the development of new chemical entities and their associated new drug products (device and drug formulation combinations). Similar to the giBCS, the iBCS will be based on key attributes describing the drug substance (solubility and permeability) and the drug product (dose and dissolution). This manuscript provides the foundational aspects of an iBCS, including the proposed scientific principles and framework upon which such a system can be developed.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Biopharmaceutics; Permeability; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Solubility
PubMed: 35576168
DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00113 -
Chembiochem : a European Journal of... Apr 2023Ground-breaking research in disease biology and continuous efforts in method development have uncovered a range of potential new drug targets. Increasingly, the drug... (Review)
Review
Ground-breaking research in disease biology and continuous efforts in method development have uncovered a range of potential new drug targets. Increasingly, the drug discovery process is informed by technologies involving chemical probes as tools. Applications for chemical probes comprise target identification and assessment, as well as the qualification of small molecules as chemical starting points and drug candidates. Progress in probe chemistry has opened the way to novel assay formats and pharmaceutical compound classes. The European Federation of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (EFMC) has launched the Chemical Biology Initiative to advance science in the field of medicinal chemistry and chemical biology, while representing all members of this extended scientific community. This review provides an overview of the many important developments in the field of chemical biology that have happened at the lively interface of academic and industrial research.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Discovery; Drug Delivery Systems; Biology
PubMed: 36704975
DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200690 -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Mar 2015Annually, the use and abuse of alcohol contributes to millions of deaths and billions of dollars in societal costs. To determine the impact of genetic variation on the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Annually, the use and abuse of alcohol contributes to millions of deaths and billions of dollars in societal costs. To determine the impact of genetic variation on the susceptibility to the disorder and its response to treatment, studies have been conducted to assess the contribution of a variety of candidate genetic variants. These variants, which we review here, were chosen based upon their observed or hypothesized functional relevance to alcohol use disorder (AUD) risk or to the mechanism by which medications used to treat the disorder exert their effects.
METHODS
This qualitative review examines studies in which candidate polymorphisms were tested as moderator variables to identify pharmacogenetic effects on either the subjective response to alcohol or the outcomes of pharmacotherapy.
RESULTS
Although findings from these studies provide evidence of a number of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic effects, the literature is limited and there are conflicting findings that require resolution.
CONCLUSIONS
Pharmacogenetic studies of AUD treatment that use greater methodological rigor and better statistical controls, such as corrections for multiple testing, may help to resolve inconsistent findings. These procedures could also lead to the discovery of more robust and clinically meaningful moderator effects. As the field evolves through methodological standardization and the use of larger study samples, pharmacogenetic research has the potential to inform clinical care by enhancing therapeutic effects and personalizing treatments. These efforts may also provide insights into the mechanisms by which medications reduce heavy drinking or promote abstinence in patients with an AUD.
Topics: Alcohol-Related Disorders; Genetic Variation; Humans; Pharmacogenetics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 25703505
DOI: 10.1111/acer.12643 -
Marine Drugs Feb 2016Oceans are a vast source of natural substances. In them, we find various compounds with wide biotechnological and biomedical applicabilities. The exploitation of the sea... (Review)
Review
Oceans are a vast source of natural substances. In them, we find various compounds with wide biotechnological and biomedical applicabilities. The exploitation of the sea as a renewable source of biocompounds can have a positive impact on the development of new systems and devices for biomedical applications. Marine polysaccharides are among the most abundant materials in the seas, which contributes to a decrease of the extraction costs, besides their solubility behavior in aqueous solvents and extraction media, and their interaction with other biocompounds. Polysaccharides such as alginate, carrageenan and fucoidan can be extracted from algae, whereas chitosan and hyaluronan can be obtained from animal sources. Most marine polysaccharides have important biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as adhesive and antimicrobial actions. Moreover, they can be modified in order to allow processing them into various shapes and sizes and may exhibit response dependence to external stimuli, such as pH and temperature. Due to these properties, these biomaterials have been studied as raw material for the construction of carrier devices for drugs, including particles, capsules and hydrogels. The devices are designed to achieve a controlled release of therapeutic agents in an attempt to fight against serious diseases, and to be used in advanced therapies, such as gene delivery or regenerative medicine.
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Design; Gene Transfer Techniques; Humans; Oceans and Seas; Polysaccharides; Regenerative Medicine
PubMed: 26861358
DOI: 10.3390/md14020034 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Dec 2017Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and adolescents that comprises core symptoms of developmentally... (Review)
Review
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder in children and adolescents that comprises core symptoms of developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. Stimulant (methylphenidate, amphetamines) and non stimulant (atomoxetine, clonidine and guanfacine) are the treatment usually prescribed for ADHD. Area covered: This review covers the safety of ADHD medications in children and adolescents. MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases were searched with the aim to retrieve prospective studies that monitored the incidence of adverse events (AEs) in children receiving drug therapy for ADHD. Many of the studies investigated the risk of specific AEs. In particular, the cardiovascular safety, the impact on growth and on sleep pattern, the risk of substance use disorders and of suicidal ideation are among the topics more studied. Expert opinion: Effective drugs for ADHD appears to be safe and well tolerated. Most of the adverse events reported in the randomised controlled trials are mild and transient. Decreased appetite, growth decrease and the impact on sleep (insomnia for stimulants and somnolence for alpha2-agonists) are among the most common events. Concerns exist about cardiovascular and psychiatric AEs, even if the available evidence does not support an association with medications.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Child; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Pharmacoepidemiology; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 28984477
DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1389894