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Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Sep 2015Electromembrane extraction (EME) was presented as a new microextraction concept in 2006, and since the introduction, substantial research has been conducted to develop... (Review)
Review
Electromembrane extraction (EME) was presented as a new microextraction concept in 2006, and since the introduction, substantial research has been conducted to develop this concept in different areas of analytical chemistry. To date, more than 100 research papers have been published on EME. The present paper discusses recent development of EME. The paper focuses on the principles of EME, and discusses how to optimize operational parameters. In addition, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of EME are reviewed, with emphasis on basic drugs, acidic drugs, amino acids, and peptides. Finally, pros and cons of EME are discussed and future directions for EME are identified. Compared with other reviews focused on EME, the authors have especially highlighted their personal views about the most promising directions for the future, and identified the areas where more fundamental work is required.
Topics: Animals; Biological Products; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Humans; Membranes, Artificial; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 25669728
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.038 -
Psychopharmacology of smoking cessation medications: focus on patients with mental health disorders.International Review of Psychiatry... 2023The adverse effects of smoking cessation in individuals with mental health disorders have been a point of concern, and progress in the development of treatment has been... (Review)
Review
The adverse effects of smoking cessation in individuals with mental health disorders have been a point of concern, and progress in the development of treatment has been slow. The primary first-line treatments for smoking cessation are Nicotine Replacement Therapy, Bupropion, Varenicline, and behavioural support. Nortriptyline and Clonidine are second-line treatments used when the first-line treatments are not effective or are contraindicated. Smoking cessation medications have been shown to be effective in reducing nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms and promoting smoking cessation among patients living with mental disorders. However, these medications may have implications for patients' mental health and need to be monitored closely. The efficacy and side effects of these medications may vary depending on the patient's psychiatric condition, medication regimen, substance use, or medical comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to synthesise the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic effects, adverse effects, and pharmacological interactions of first- and second-line smoking cessation drugs, with an emphasis on patients suffering from mental illnesses. Careful consideration of the risks and benefits of using smoking cessation medications is necessary, and treatment plans must be tailored to individual patients' needs. Monitoring symptoms and medication regimens is essential to ensure optimal treatment outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Smoking Cessation; Smoking; Nicotinic Agonists; Psychopharmacology; Mental Health; Benzazepines; Quinoxalines; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
PubMed: 38299651
DOI: 10.1080/09540261.2023.2249084 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Jan 2018Current regulations command to properly characterize pharmaceutically relevant solid systems. Chemometrics comprise a range of valuable tools, suitable to process large... (Review)
Review
Current regulations command to properly characterize pharmaceutically relevant solid systems. Chemometrics comprise a range of valuable tools, suitable to process large amounts of data and extract valuable information hidden in their structure. This review aims to detail the results of the fruitful association between analytical techniques and chemometrics methods, focusing on those which help to gain insight into the characteristics of drug polymorphism as an important aspect of the solid state of bulk drugs and drug products. Hence, the combination of Raman, terahertz, mid- and near- infrared spectroscopies, as well as instrumental signals resulting from X-ray powder diffraction, C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thermal methods with quali-and quantitative chemometrics methodologies are examined. The main issues reviewed, concerning pharmaceutical drug polymorphism, include the use of chemometrics-based approaches to perform polymorph classification and assignment of polymorphic identity, as well as the determination of given polymorphs in simple mixtures and complex systems. Aspects such as the solvation/desolvation of solids, phase transformation, crystallinity and the recrystallization from the amorphous state are also discussed. A brief perspective of the field for the next future is provided, based on the developments of the last decade and the current state of the art of analytical instrumentation and chemometrics methodologies.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Crystallization; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 28668295
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.018 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Mar 2022and ethnopharmacological relevance: Matrine (MT), a type of alkaloid extracted from the Sophora family of traditional Chinese medicine, has been documented to exert a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
and ethnopharmacological relevance: Matrine (MT), a type of alkaloid extracted from the Sophora family of traditional Chinese medicine, has been documented to exert a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-viral, anti-fibrosis, and cardiovascular protection. Sophora flavescens Aiton is a traditional Chinese medicine that is bitter and cold. Additionally, it also exhibits the effects of clearing heat, eliminating dampness, expelling insects, and promoting urination. Malignant tumors are the most important medical issue and are also the second leading cause of death worldwide. Numerous natural substances have recently been revealed to have potent anticancer properties, and several have been used in clinical trials.
AIMS OF THE STUDY
To summarize the antitumor effects and associated mechanisms of MT, we compiled this review by combining a huge body of relevant literature and our previous research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
As demonstrated, we grouped the pharmacological effects of MT via a PubMed search. Further, we described the mechanism and current pharmacological research on MT's antitumor activity.
RESULTS
Additionally, extensive research has demonstrated that MT possesses superior antitumor properties, including accelerating cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell growth and proliferation, inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibiting cancer metastasis and invasion, inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing autophagy, reversing multidrug resistance and inhibiting cell differentiation, thus indicating its significant potential for cancer treatment and prognosis.
CONCLUSION
This article summarizes current advances in research on the anticancer properties of MT and its molecular mechanism, to provide references for future research.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Proliferation; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Neoplasms; Quinolizines; Sophora; Matrines
PubMed: 34919987
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114914 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jan 2018Ethnopharmacological research aims at gathering information on local and traditional uses of plants and other natural substances. However, the approaches used and the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Ethnopharmacological research aims at gathering information on local and traditional uses of plants and other natural substances. However, the approaches used and the methods employed vary, and while such a variability is desirable in terms of scientific diversity, research must adhere to well defined quality standards and reproducible methods OBJECTIVES: With ConSEFS (the Consensus Statement on Ethnopharmacological Field Studies) we want to define best-practice in developing, conducting and reporting field studies focusing on local and traditional uses of medicinal and food plants, including studies using a historical approach.
METHODS
After first developing an initial draft the core group invited community-wide feedback from researchers both through a web-based consultation and a series of workshops at conferences during 2017.
OUTCOMES
The consultation resulted in a large number of responses. Feedback was received via a weblink on the Journal of Ethnopharmacology's website (ca. 100 responses), other oral and written responses (ca. 50) and discussions with stakeholders at four conferences. The main outcome is a checklist, covering best practice for designing, implementing and recording ethnopharmacological field studies and historical studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Prior to starting ethnopharmacological field research, it is essential that the authors are fully aware of the best practice in the field. For the first time in the field of ethnopharmacology a community-wide document defines guidelines for best practice on how to conduct and report such studies. It will need to be updated and further developed. While the feedback has been based on responses by many experienced researchers, there is a need to test it in practice by using it both in implementing and reporting field studies (or historical studies), and peer-review.
Topics: Consensus; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Research
PubMed: 28818646
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.08.015 -
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Jul 2015Substance-related disorders (SRDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Family, twin, and adoption studies have demonstrated the substantial... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Substance-related disorders (SRDs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Family, twin, and adoption studies have demonstrated the substantial heritability of SRDs. To determine the impact of genetic variation on risk for SRD and the response to treatment, researchers have conducted a number of secondary data analyses and quasi-experimental studies that target one or more candidate gene variants.
METHODS
This review examines studies in which candidate polymorphisms were examined as mediator variables to identify pharmacogenetic effects on subjective responses to drug administration or cues or outcomes of medication trials for SRDs. Efforts to use a meta-analytic approach to quantify these effects are premature because the number of available studies using similar methods and outcomes is limited, so the present review is qualitative.
RESULTS
Findings from these studies provide preliminary evidence of clinically relevant pharmacogenetic effects. However, independent replication of these findings has been sparse.
CONCLUSIONS
Although this growing body of literature has produced conflicting results, improved statistical controls may help to clarify the findings. Additionally, the use of empirically derived sub-phenotypes (i.e., which serve to differentiate distinct groups of affected individuals) may also help to identify genetic mediators of pharmacologic response in relation to SRDs. The identification of genetic mediators can inform clinical care both by identifying risk factors for SRDs and predicting adverse events and therapeutic outcomes associated with specific pharmacotherapies.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Pharmacogenetics; Polymorphism, Genetic; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 25819021
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.003 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Oct 2018The genus Salvia is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. In China, about 40 Salvia species have been used as medicinal plants for treatment of various... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
The genus Salvia is one of the largest genera of the Lamiaceae family. In China, about 40 Salvia species have been used as medicinal plants for treatment of various diseases, specifically hepatic and renal diseases and those of the cardiovascular and immune systems.
AIM OF THIS REVIEW
This review aims to provide systematically organized information on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of medicinal Salvia species in China to support their therapeutic potential in the treatment of human diseases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Relevant information on the Chinese Salvia species was obtained from scientific online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and SciFinder. Additional information was derived from other literature sources (e.g. Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2015 edition, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc thesis, etc).
RESULTS
Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literature indicates that many Chinese Salvia species are valuable and popular herbal medicines with therapeutic potentials to cure various ailments. Phytochemical analyses identified diterpenoids and phenolic acids as the major bioactive substances in Chinese Salvia species. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from the Chinese Salvia species exhibited various pharmacological activities, typically targeting the cardiovascular and immune systems and hepatic and renal diseases.
CONCLUSION
This review summarizes the results from current studies about basic properties of medicinal Salvia species in China, such as active constituents and their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, underlying molecular mechanisms, toxicology, and efficacy, which are still being studied and explored to achieve integration into medical practice.
Topics: Animals; China; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Salvia
PubMed: 29935346
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.029 -
Phytomedicine : International Journal... Feb 2016Biopiracy mainly focuses on the use of biological resources and/or knowledge of indigenous tribes or communities without allowing them to share the revenues generated... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Biopiracy mainly focuses on the use of biological resources and/or knowledge of indigenous tribes or communities without allowing them to share the revenues generated out of economic exploitation or other non-monetary incentives associated with the resource/knowledge.
METHODS
Based on collaborations of scientists from five continents, we have created a communication platform to discuss not only scientific topics, but also more general issues with social relevance. This platform was termed 'PhytCancer -Phytotherapy to Fight Cancer' (www.phyt-cancer.uni-mainz.de). As a starting point, we have chosen the topic "biopiracy", since we feel this is of pragmatic significance for scientists working with medicinal plants.
RESULTS
It was argued that the patenting of herbs or natural products by pharmaceutical corporations disregarded the ownership of the knowledge possessed by the indigenous communities on how these substances worked. Despite numerous court decisions in U.S.A. and Europe, several international treaties, (e.g. from United Nations, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization, the African Unity and others), sharing of a rational set of benefits amongst producers (mainly pharmaceutical companies) and indigenous communities is yet a distant reality. In this paper, we present an overview of the legal frameworks, discuss some exemplary cases of biopiracy and bioprospecting as excellent forms of utilization of natural resources.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest certain perspectives, by which we as scientists, may contribute towards prevention of biopiracy and also to foster the fair utilization of natural resources. We discuss ways, in which the interests of indigenous people especially from developing countries can be secured.
Topics: Biological Products; Bioprospecting; Developing Countries; Drug Industry; Ethnopharmacology; International Cooperation; Ownership; Patents as Topic; Plants, Medicinal; Theft
PubMed: 26926178
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.12.006 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jan 2021Plants of genus Stemona (Stemonaceae) have been long used locally and traditionally in many South and East Asian counties to relieve cough, dispel phlegm, prevent... (Review)
Review
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Plants of genus Stemona (Stemonaceae) have been long used locally and traditionally in many South and East Asian counties to relieve cough, dispel phlegm, prevent asthma, control pests, diminish inflammation, decrease pain, and treat some cutaneous diseases.
AIM OF STUDY
This review provided comprehensive and up-to-date information about botanic characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, secondary metabolites, pharmacological activities, and toxicology of plants of genus Stemona to explore the scientific potential and future therapeutic potential of the plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This article conducted a literature review on information about the Stemona species in multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley, Science Direct, Elsevier, Google Scholar, ACS publications, SpringerLink, and China National Knowledge Internet. Information was also derived from other literature sources (e.g. Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 2015 edition, Chinese herbal classic books, PhD and MSc thesis). Plant names were validated by "The Plant List" (www.theplantlist.org). All studies of the genus Stemona were included in this review until March 2020.
RESULTS
Our comprehensive analysis of the scientific literatures indicated that many Stemona species are popular and valuable herbal medicines with therapeutic potentials to treat various ailments. Phytochemical analyses identified alkaloids and stilbenoids as the major bioactive substances of Stemona species. Numerous studies have shown that the extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from these plants have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including insecticidal and antifeedant, antitussive, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antivirus activities.
CONCLUSION
Though plants of genus Stemona have been put to enormous traditional uses, the pharmacological studies conducted were insufficient. Therefore, more secondary metabolites need to be studied for more detailed pharmacological studies. Further studies are also required to establish the mechanisms which mediate the plants' bioactivities in relation to the medicinal uses as well as investigate any potential toxicity for future clinical studies.
Topics: Animals; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Humans; Medicine, Traditional; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Stemonaceae
PubMed: 32726680
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113112 -
Anti-inflammatory & Anti-allergy Agents... 2017Various mediators and anti-inflammatory drugs were used since from a long time but it is still a challenge for the medicinal chemists to treat or reduce the symptoms of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Various mediators and anti-inflammatory drugs were used since from a long time but it is still a challenge for the medicinal chemists to treat or reduce the symptoms of inflammatory diseases. Most of the clinically used anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs, Coxibs and GCs are allied with considerable toxicity.
OBJECTIVE
The search of novel anti-inflammatory agent is not an ending process. Although the drug treatment has been improved steadily but yet, it is still there is a need to develop more potent therapeutic agents.
METHOD
Reported literature survey has been studied to summarize the nitrogen containing moieties which were utilized as potential therapeutic agents.
RESULTS
A variety of N-heterocyclic analogs are known to exhibit a wide range of interesting biological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiplatelet, cardioprotective, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, antitubercular, trypanocidal and anti-HIV. However, numerous approaches were used to overcome the toxicity level such as co-administration with suitable agent/substance which provides protection against toxicity as well to synthesise new potent and safe anti-inflammatory drug.
CONCLUSION
The present review summarizes the synthetic methodology and therapeutic potential of some N-heterocyclic analogs as potent anti-inflammatory agents.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Design; Heterocyclic Compounds; Humans; Inflammation; Nitrogen Compounds
PubMed: 29376495
DOI: 10.2174/1871523017666180126150901