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Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Oct 2020Three univariate and two multivariate spectrophotometric methods were developed and subsequently validated to determine phenazopyridine HCl (PHZ) and trimethoprim (TMP)...
Simultaneous determination of phenazopyridine HCl and trimethoprim in presence of phenazopyridine HCl impurity by univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods - Quantification of phenazopyridine HCl impurity by univariate methods.
Three univariate and two multivariate spectrophotometric methods were developed and subsequently validated to determine phenazopyridine HCl (PHZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) in the presence of 2,6-Diaminopyridine (2,6-DAP). The first univariate method depends on direct determination of phenazopyridine by measuring its absorbance at 412 nm and performed in concentration range of 1.00-10.00 μg/mL. Then the contribution of phenazopyridine is removed by dividing the mixture spectrum with PHZ divisor (5 μg/mL) after that the constant is mathematically subtracted and finally the generated spectrum is multiplied with the PHZ divisor. These steps eliminate PHZ contribution and the recovered spectrum is that of TMP and 2,6-DAP only where different methods can be applied to determine TMP and 2,6-DAP through this binary mixture spectrum. The first method to determine both components depends on measuring both TMP and 2,6-DAP through their first derivative (DD) spectra at 244.70 and 259.60 nm for TMP and 2,6-DAP, respectively with concentration ranges of 4.00-24.00 μg/mL TMP and 4.00-26.00 μg/mL 2,6-DAP. The second method depends on application of the isoabsorptive method which was used for TMP determination at its isoabsorptive point with 2,6-DAP at 242.64 nm with concentration range 1.00-20.00 μg/mL for TMP. The developed univariate methods were successfully applied to determine PHZ, TMP and PHZ impurity (2,6-DAP). Two multivariate methods were applied for determination of PHZ and TMP in presence of 2,6-DAP namely, Principle Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results of the two models show that simultaneous determination of PHZ and TMP in presence of PHZ impurity can be performed in the concentration ranges of 6.00-14.00 μg/mL PHZ and 24.00-56.00 μg/mL TMP. All the proposed methods were successfully applied to analyze PHZ and TMP in pharmaceutical formulations without interference from the dosage form additives and the results were statistically compared with the reported method.
Topics: Least-Squares Analysis; Phenazopyridine; Spectrophotometry; Trimethoprim
PubMed: 32492634
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118516 -
International Urogynecology Journal Sep 2022To determine if administration of a standard 400 mg oral dose of riboflavin (vitamin B2) was comparable to phenazopyridine (pyridium) for evaluating ease of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS
To determine if administration of a standard 400 mg oral dose of riboflavin (vitamin B2) was comparable to phenazopyridine (pyridium) for evaluating ease of visualization of ureteral jets at the time of cystoscopy.
METHODS
A three-arm double-blinded, randomized controlled study was performed consisting of thiamine as placebo, phenazopyridine, and riboflavin. Agents were administered the morning of surgery prior to surgical procedure. The primary outcome was the ease of visualization of the ureteral jets based on a grading of urine stain intensity on a 7-point color scale, where 1-2 were minimal yellow staining, 3-4 were moderate yellow staining, and 5-7 defined as intense yellow staining. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used with pairwise comparison to characterize urine stain intensity as a continuous variable among the three groups controlling for age, BMI, creatinine, and time from ingestion of medication to first cystoscopy.
RESULTS
Eighty-four subjects were randomized with a mean ± SD age of 46.25 + 11.36 and BMI of 32.46 + 6.59. Riboflavin did have moderate or intense staining in 57% of cases; however, there was no significant difference between urine staining intensity compared to placebo (p = 0.21). There was a statistically significant increased urine staining intensity for phenazopyridine compared to placebo (p = 0.001) and for phenazopyridine compared to riboflavin (p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Phenazopyridine provided statistically significantly greater urine staining compared to both riboflavin and placebo and should be considered primarily for ease of ureteral jet visualization.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Coloring Agents; Humans; Phenazopyridine; Riboflavin; Staining and Labeling; Ureter
PubMed: 34057543
DOI: 10.1007/s00192-021-04867-y -
Urologiia (Moscow, Russia : 1999) Jun 2021To evaluate the analgesic effect, efficacy and tolerability of phenazopyridine in combination with fosfomycin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM
To evaluate the analgesic effect, efficacy and tolerability of phenazopyridine in combination with fosfomycin for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis in working-age female.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 152 women with acute uncomplicated cystitis were included in multicenter, randomized, open-label study which were carried out in 5 polyclinics of the Perm Territory. All the patients were divided into 2 groups of 76 people each, depending on the treatment. In the main group, women received oral phenazopyridine 200 mg 3 times a day for 2 days (a total dose 1200 mg) and fosfomycin trometamol in a dose of 3 g once. In the control group, patients received a single dose of fosfomycin trometamol (3 g) and drotaverin 80 mg 3 times a day for 2 days. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for evaluation of pain intensity. The symptoms of cystitis were assessed using the ACSS scale. In addition, urinalysis, urine culture and other methods were done. The results were evaluated after 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, 3 and 6 days.
RESULTS
In the main group, the severity of pain according to the VAS decreased from the initial 7.2+/-0.5 points to 1.6+/-0.2 points after 12 hours, to 0.4 +/- 0.05 points after 24 hours. Pain syndrome completely disappeared in all patients after 48 hours. In the control group, at all time points, a significant less pronounced analgesic effect was seen (p<0.001). The overall ACSS score in the main group decreased from the 12.0+/-0.5 points to 2.1+/-0.3 after 3 days and to 0.28+/-0.04 points after 6 days (p<0.001), which indicated a more rapid resolution of symptoms compared to the control group. The symptomatic effect of phenazopyridine (relief of pain, dysuria and discomfort) provided a more pronounced improvement in the well-being in the main group in comparison to the control group, which was confirmed by Dynamics domain of the ACSS scale (p<0.001). The combination of fosfomycin and phenazopyridine was more effective than the combination of fosfomycin and drotaverine. The clinical and microbiological cure rate in the main group was 97.4% and 96.9%, respectively. Leukocyturia was resolved earlier, and the duration of treatment decreased by 30.1%. An undesirable effect of phenazopyridine (nausea) was detected only in 1 (1.3%) patient.
CONCLUSION
Phenazopyridine has a pronounced analgesic effect and is proved to be an effective and safe drug in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cystitis; Female; Fosfomycin; Humans; Phenazopyridine; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 34251097
DOI: No ID Found -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Mar 2023Water pollution by antibiotics is a global crisis, and its risk is critically more severe due to the explosive use of these drug compounds. A critical effective removal...
Water pollution by antibiotics is a global crisis, and its risk is critically more severe due to the explosive use of these drug compounds. A critical effective removal method to diminish this risk is heterogeneous photocatalysis and optimizing the conditions to reach higher mineralization efficiency. CeO anoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. A cubic structural crystallite phase was detected that had crystallite sizes of 17.9 and 16.7 nm estimated by the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall models. A typical FTIR absorption band for the Ce-O stretching absorption has appeared at 554 cm. Based on DRS data and the Kubelka-Munk and Tauc models, Eg values of 2.80, 3.06, 3.12, and 3.13 eV were obtained for n-values of 1/2, 2, 3/2, and 3, respectively. pHpzc of CeO NPs was about 5.7. The direct photolysis and surface adsorption processes have no critical role in phenazopyridine (PP) removal by appearing with 2.7 and 6.7% removal efficiencies, respectively. Due to the highest photocatalytic activity of CeO NPs toward PP, the effects of the critical operating variable on the activity were evaluated, and the optimal conditions were as catalyst dose, 0.7 g/L; pH, 6; irradiation time, 90 min; and C, 20 ppm. The Hinshelwood kinetics equation plot was y = - 6.6442 - 0.4677x (r = 0.9296), in which its slope as the rate constant of the photodegradation process was 0.4677 min (corresponding to a t value of 1.48 min).
Topics: Phenazopyridine; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cerium
PubMed: 36434455
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24260-6 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2021Azo molecules possess the characteristic azo bond (-N=N-) and are considered fascinating motifs in organic chemistry. Since the last century, these brightly colored... (Review)
Review
Azo molecules possess the characteristic azo bond (-N=N-) and are considered fascinating motifs in organic chemistry. Since the last century, these brightly colored compounds have been widely employed as dyes across several industries in applications for printing, food, paper, cosmetics, lasers, electronics, optics, material sciences, etc. The discovery of Prontosil, an antibacterial drug, propelled azo compounds into the limelight in the field of medicinal chemistry. Subsequent discoveries including Phenazopyridine, Basalazide, and Sulfasalazine enabled azo compounds to occupy a significant role in the drug market. Furthermore, azo compounds have been employed as antibacterial, antimalarial, antifungal, antioxidant, as well as antiviral agents. The metabolic degradation of many azo dyes can induce liver problems if ingested, posing a safety concern and limiting their application as azo dyes in medicinal chemistry. However, azo dyes remain particularly significant for applications in cancer chemotherapy. Recently, a paradigm shift has been observed in the use of azo dyes: from medicinal chemistry to biomedical sciences. The latter benefits from azo dye application are related to imaging, drug delivery, photo-pharmacology and photo switching. Herein, we have compiled and discussed recent works on azo dye compounds obtained so far, focusing on their medicinal importance and future prospects.
Topics: Azo Compounds; Biomedical Research; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 33231147
DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201123210025 -
Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive... Feb 2021The objective of our study was to determine if phenazopyridine reduces void trial (VT) failure rates after prolapse surgery. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
The objective of our study was to determine if phenazopyridine reduces void trial (VT) failure rates after prolapse surgery.
METHODS
A single-institution randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing a second dose of phenazopyridine 200 mg on postoperative day 1 versus no additional phenazopyridine in women undergoing prolapse surgery. All subjects (including controls) received 200 mg of phenazopyridine preoperatively for ureteral patency verification. The intervention group received a second dose of phenazopyridine 200 mg the morning of postoperative day 1. The primary outcome was assessed using a standardized VT. Secondary outcomes included pain, opioid usage, urinary tract infections, and prolonged or recurrent urinary retention. An intent-to-treat analysis was performed with a χ2 test to compare failure rates between the intervention and control groups.
RESULTS
We enrolled 152 women, and 76 were randomized to each group. There was no difference in VT failures between the 2 groups-34% failed without phenazopyridine on postoperative day 1, and 42% failed with phenazopyridine on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.326). Subject characteristics were similar across both groups. Pain scores immediately before the VT were 3 out of 10 in both groups (P = 0.206), with no difference in opioid consumption (P = 0.750). There were no differences in the rate of urinary tract infections or prolonged or recurrent urinary retention between the groups (P = 0.304 and P = 0.745).
CONCLUSIONS
While previous studies suggested an improvement in immediate postoperative voiding with phenazopyridine, our randomized controlled trial does not support this.
Topics: Anesthetics; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Pelvic Organ Prolapse; Phenazopyridine; Postoperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Premedication; Urinary Retention
PubMed: 31033527
DOI: 10.1097/SPV.0000000000000737 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Mar 2023and purpose: Phenazopyridine (PAP) is an over-the-counter drug widely used to provide symptomatic relief of bladder pain in conditions such as cystitis or bladder pain...
BACKGROUND
and purpose: Phenazopyridine (PAP) is an over-the-counter drug widely used to provide symptomatic relief of bladder pain in conditions such as cystitis or bladder pain syndrome (BPS). Whereas the analgesic effect of PAP has been attributed to a local effect on the mucosa of the lower urinary tract (LUT), the molecular targets of PAP remain unknown. We investigated the effect of PAP on pain-related Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels expressed in sensory neurons that innervate the bladder wall.
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
The effects of PAP on the relevant TRP channels (TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPM8, TRPM3) expressed in HEK293 or CHO cells was investigated using Fura-2-based calcium measurements and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Activity of PAP on TRPM8 was further analysed using Fura-2-based calcium imaging on sensory neurons isolated from lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of mice.
KEY RESULTS
PAP rapidly and reversibly inhibits responses of TRPM8 expressed in HEK293 cells to cold and menthol, with IC values between 2 and 10 μM. It acts by shifting the voltage dependence of channel activation towards positive potentials, opposite to the effect of menthol. PAP also inhibits TRPM8-mediated, menthol-evoked calcium responses in lumbosacral DRG neurons. At a concentration of 10 μM, PAP did not significantly affect TRPA1, TRPV1, or TRPM3.
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
PAP inhibits TRPM8 in a concentration range consistent with PAP levels in the urine of treated patients. Since TRPM8 is expressed in bladder afferent neurons and upregulated in patients with painful bladder disorders, TRPM8 inhibition may underlie the analgesic activity of PAP.
Topics: Animals; Cricetinae; Humans; Mice; Calcium; Cricetulus; Fura-2; Ganglia, Spinal; HEK293 Cells; Menthol; Pain; Phenazopyridine; Sensory Receptor Cells; Transient Receptor Potential Channels; TRPA1 Cation Channel; TRPM Cation Channels; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 36657655
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175512 -
Journal of Robotic Surgery Sep 2016With increased experience, many laparoscopic procedures have evolved from mandatory same-day admission to the outpatient setting. Given the shorter operative time and... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
With increased experience, many laparoscopic procedures have evolved from mandatory same-day admission to the outpatient setting. Given the shorter operative time and length of stay, the potential to perform robotic surgery as an outpatient procedure exists. We sought to describe our initial experience with performing robotic-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RP) on children in an outpatient setting. We retrospectively reviewed a prospectively collected database of all patients undergoing RP from July 2012 to May 2014 by a single surgeon. All patients discharged home within 12 h of completion of surgery were included in the analysis. Prior to discharge the Wong-Baker Pain Scale 1-10 was reviewed and given to all patients. All patients were prescribed oxybutynin and phenazopyridine for bladder spasms and stent discomfort. Post-operative follow-up telephone calls were made inquiring about oral intake, pain control, constitutional symptoms, and voiding issues. Readmission rates and post-operative outcomes were reviewed. During the study period, 62 children underwent RP and 13 patients (21 %) were selected for outpatient management. These 7 boys and 6 girls had a mean age of 8.1 years old. Of the 13 patients, 11 patients had left-sided procedures and 2 had right; all had primary UPJO. Mean pain score was 2.7 in the first 12 h at home. Within 24 h, the pain score decreased to a mean of 2.2. No patient required opioid analgesics and no child required admission after surgery. At 3-month follow-up, 7 patients had resolved hydronephrosis, 5 had improved hydronephrosis and 1 was unchanged. MAG3 renal scan in the latter patient showed no sign of obstruction. Outpatient RP is feasible and appears to be safe. Great care must be taken when selecting which patients can be fast tracked.
Topics: Adolescent; Aftercare; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Child; Child, Preschool; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Hydronephrosis; Infant; Kidney Pelvis; Laparoscopy; Male; Operative Time; Pain, Postoperative; Postoperative Care; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Treatment Outcome; Ureter; Ureteral Obstruction
PubMed: 27026272
DOI: 10.1007/s11701-016-0577-9 -
Current Opinion in Obstetrics &... Aug 2016This article provides an update on the best practices for the prevention, recognition, and management of urinary tract injuries that may occur during gynecologic... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article provides an update on the best practices for the prevention, recognition, and management of urinary tract injuries that may occur during gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.
RECENT FINDINGS
Higher surgical volume is directly associated with improved surgical outcomes, denoted by consistently lower rates of complications for commonplace procedures such as hysterectomy. As a result, expert opinion on prevention of iatrogenic urologic injury suggests a real need for improved education and training of gynecologic surgeons. Discontinued manufacturing of indigo carmine has led to the utilization of alternative methods to assess ureteral patency during cystoscopy, such as phenazopyridine or sodium fluorescein. Intraoperative cystoscopy has been shown to detect approximately 50% of urinary tract injuries during hysterectomy, but has limited accuracy and does not necessarily decrease delayed postoperative complications. When identified, most urologic injuries can be managed in a minimally invasive fashion.
SUMMARY
A thorough understanding of pelvic anatomy and early recognition of urinary tract injuries can significantly reduce surgical morbidity for women undergoing laparoscopic surgery.
Topics: Gynecologic Surgical Procedures; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Incidence; Intraoperative Complications; Laparoscopy; Postoperative Complications; Ureter; Urinary Bladder; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 27327882
DOI: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000296 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutical... Nov 2017Both cocrystal and nanocrystal technologies have been widely used in the pharmaceutical development for poorly soluble drugs. However, the synergistic effects due to the...
Both cocrystal and nanocrystal technologies have been widely used in the pharmaceutical development for poorly soluble drugs. However, the synergistic effects due to the integration of these two technologies have not been well investigated. The aim of this study is to develop a nano-sized cocrystal of phenazopyridine (PAP) with phthalimide (PI) to enhance the release rate and oral bioavailability of PAP. A PAP-PI nano-cocrystal with particle diameter of 21.4±0.1nm was successfully prepared via a sonochemical approach and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. An in vitro release study revealed a significant release rate enhancement for PAP-PI nano-cocrystal as compared to PAP-PI cocrystal and PAP hydrochloride salt. Further, a comparative oral bioavailability study in rats indicated significant improvement in C and oral bioavailability (AUC) by 1.39- and 2.44-fold, respectively. This study demonstrated that this novel nano-cocrystal technology can be a new promising option to improve release rate and absorption of poorly soluble compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biological Availability; Drug Liberation; Male; Nanoparticles; Phenazopyridine; Phthalimides; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 28917964
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.09.020