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Skinmed 2018
Topics: Constipation; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; History, 20th Century; Humans; Laxatives; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 29551115
DOI: No ID Found -
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry 2022Chemical spot tests are one of the oldest and simplest presumptive methods of analytical chemistry. They are an integral part of the schematic analysis of different... (Review)
Review
Chemical spot tests are one of the oldest and simplest presumptive methods of analytical chemistry. They are an integral part of the schematic analysis of different types of substances in various pure and applied scientific disciplines including forensic science. The role of spot tests has remained eternal utility in different branches of forensic science to analyze various types of physical or trace evidences. Forensic experts need to have an absolute understanding of the foundation and technicality behind complex reactions of customary spot tests. Forensic science literature dwells in the diversity of spot tests but an informative and comprehensive compendium of such prose remains occasional and limited in general. Keeping in view the ample history and legacy of spot test, the current review was constructed from a core of historical literature to recapitulate trending applications, chemistry, and limitations of notable "Griess test", "Luminol test", "Kastle-Meyer test", "Phenolphthalein test", "Ninhydrin test", and "Spy dust" in forensic science. The aim of this review article was to describe the outlook and likely impact of these tests on the expansion of scientific investigation. The anticipated output of this review is supposed to impart compatible knowledge in the attentive readers interested in understanding legacy and technical details of selected spot tests used in solving crime.
Topics: Forensic Sciences
PubMed: 32654497
DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1785837 -
Journal of Vision Mar 2024Transmission and processing of sensory information in the visual system takes time. For motion perception, our brain can overcome this intrinsic neural delay through...
Transmission and processing of sensory information in the visual system takes time. For motion perception, our brain can overcome this intrinsic neural delay through extrapolation mechanisms and accurately predict the current position of a continuously moving object. But how does the system behave when the motion abruptly changes and the prediction becomes wrong? Here we address this question by studying the perceived position of a moving object with various abrupt motion changes by human observers. We developed a task in which a bar is monotonously moving horizontally, and then motion suddenly stops, reverses, or disappears-then-reverses around two vertical stationary reference lines. Our results showed that participants overestimated the position of the stopping bar but did not perceive an overshoot in the motion reversal condition. When a temporal gap was added at the reverse point, the perceptual overshoot of the end point scaled with the gap durations. Our model suggests that the overestimation of the object position when it disappears is not linear as a function of its speeds but gradually fades out. These results can thus be reconciled in a single process where there is an interplay of the cortical motion prediction mechanisms and the late sensory transient visual inputs.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid; Motion; Motion Perception; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 38512248
DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.3.6 -
Polymers Jan 2023With the rapid pace of advancements in additive manufacturing and techniques such as fused filament fabrication (FFF), the feedstocks used in these techniques should...
With the rapid pace of advancements in additive manufacturing and techniques such as fused filament fabrication (FFF), the feedstocks used in these techniques should advance as well. While available filaments can be used to print highly customizable parts, the creation of the end part is often the only function of a given feedstock. In this study, novel FFF filaments with inherent environmental sensing functionalities were created by melt-blending poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and pH indicator powders (bromothymol blue, phenolphthalein, and thymol blue). The new PLA-PEG-indicator filaments were universally more crystalline than the PLA-only filaments (33-41% vs. 19% crystallinity), but changes in thermal stability and mechanical characteristics depended upon the indicator used; filaments containing bromothymol blue and thymol blue were more thermally stable, had higher tensile strength, and were less ductile than PLA-only filaments, while filaments containing phenolphthalein were less thermally stable, had lower tensile strength, and were more ductile. When the indicator-filled filaments were exposed to acidic, neutral, and basic solutions, all filaments functioned as effective pH sensors, though the bromothymol blue-containing filament was only successful as a base indicator. The biodegradability of the new filaments was evaluated by characterizing filament samples after aging in soil and soil slurry mixtures; the amount of physical deterioration and changes in filament crystallinity suggested that the bromothymol blue filament degraded faster than PLA-only filaments, while the phenolphthalein and thymol blue filaments saw decreases in degradation rates.
PubMed: 36679315
DOI: 10.3390/polym15020436 -
Biosensors May 2023Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, which accompanies pain and inconvenience in daily life owing to degradation of cartilage and adjacent tissues. In...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, which accompanies pain and inconvenience in daily life owing to degradation of cartilage and adjacent tissues. In this study, we propose a simple point-of-care testing (POCT) kit for the detection of the MTF1 OA biomarker to achieve on-site clinical diagnosis of OA. The kit contains an FTA card for patient sample treatments, a sample tube for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and a phenolphthalein-soaked swab for naked eye detection. The MTF1 gene was isolated from synovial fluids using an FTA card and amplified using the LAMP method at 65 °C for 35 min. A test part of the phenolphthalein-soaked swab was decolorized in the presence of the MTF1 gene due to the pH change after the LAMP, but the color remained pink in the absence of the MTF1 gene. The control part of the swab served as a reference color in relation to the test part. When real-time LAMP (RT-LAMP), gel electrophoresis, and colorimetric detection of the MTF1 gene were performed, the limit of detection (LOD) was confirmed at 10 fg/μL, and the overall processes were completed in 1 h. The detection of an OA biomarker in the form of POCT was reported for the first time in this study. The introduced method is expected to serve as a POCT platform directly applicable by clinicians for easy and rapid identification of OA.
Topics: Humans; Point-of-Care Testing; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Limit of Detection; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Osteoarthritis; Biomarkers; Phenolphthaleins; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 37232895
DOI: 10.3390/bios13050535 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... Sep 2023Our goal was to quantify the pH and total acidity of human milk fortified with human milk fortifiers (HMFs), powder infant formulas, and protein additives.
BACKGROUND
Our goal was to quantify the pH and total acidity of human milk fortified with human milk fortifiers (HMFs), powder infant formulas, and protein additives.
METHODS
Commercial liquid HMFs and powder infant formulas were added to pasteurized pooled donor human milk in triplicate and stirred. The pH of unfortified and fortified human milk at 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, and 30 kcal/ounce (624, 680, 737, 765, 794, and 850 kcal/g, respectively) was determined using a pH meter. Phenolphthalein acidity at 24 and 30 kcal/ounce (680 and 850 kcal/g, respectively) was determined using diluted sodium hydroxide.
RESULTS
The pH of unfortified human milk increased within the first hour (6.52 ± 0.06 vs 6.62 ± 0.05, P < 0.0001). Changes in pH largely correlated with caloric density; however, directional changes varied considerably between HMFs and powder infant formulas. Two liquid HMFs demonstrated modest reductions in pH with increasing caloric density whereas one liquid HMF alkalinized human milk with increasing caloric density (analysis of variance P < 0.0001). Phenolphthalein acidity was significantly higher for five HMFs and lower for one HMF at 30 kcal/ounce (850 kcal/g) but not 24 kcal/ounce (680 kcal/g). Powder infant formulas generally increased pH with increasing caloric density (analysis of variance P < 0.0001), but no differences in phenolphthalein acidity were noted.
CONCLUSION
Changes in acid/base balancefor fortified human milk are variable and may be a consideration when selecting a fortifying agent for human milk.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Milk, Human; Powders; Food, Fortified; Dietary Supplements; Phenolphthaleins
PubMed: 37350060
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2537 -
Journal of Analytical Toxicology Mar 2023Numerous classes of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds are conjugated to uridine-5'-diphospho (UDP)-alpha-D-glucuronic acid which is catalyzed by human...
Numerous classes of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds are conjugated to uridine-5'-diphospho (UDP)-alpha-D-glucuronic acid which is catalyzed by human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). The resulting beta-D-glucuronides can be hydrolyzed to β-D-glucuronic acid and the corresponding aglycone in a configuration retaining manner by beta-glucuronidases (GUSBs), which are widely distributed in mammalians, microbiota, insects, molluscs, nematodes, fishes and plants. This study investigates GUSBs' activity in the presence of ethanol (0-70% by volume) using different β-D-glucuronides (phenolphthalein-β-D-glucuronide, 4-nitrophenol-β-D-glucuronide, morphine-3-O-β-D-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide and 1-/2-propyl-β-D-glucuronide) as substrates. It was found that β-D-ethyl glucuronide (EtG), which is a minor UGT-derived metabolite of ethanol in man and one of the most frequently used biomarkers of alcohol consumption today, builds up from all investigated β-D-glucuronides by means of GUSBs in the presence of ethanol. The glucuronyl transfer reaction, which was neither detected in the absence of ethanol nor in absence of GUSBs, is minor at ethanol concentrations which are commonly observed in blood and tiβues after consumption of alcoholic beverages, but predominant at higher concentrations of ethanol. In spite of in vitro characteristics, our observations point to an additional biochemical path and another source of EtG, which should be further evaluated in the context of alcohol biomarker applications. The detection of EtG in several settings independent from of human UGT-metabolism (e.g. EtG post post-collection synthesis in E.coli coli-contaminated urine samples, EtG in wine and ethanolic herbal preparations) can be explained by the described mechanism.
Topics: Humans; Glucuronides; Ethanol; Glucuronic Acid; Uridine Diphosphate
PubMed: 35713221
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac038 -
Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Health concerns associated with the consumption of food supplements rise in parallel with the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products. In...
Health concerns associated with the consumption of food supplements rise in parallel with the rise in the popularity and market availability of these products. In pursuit of data related to the unauthorized presence of pharmaceuticals in food supplements, the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database was searched for the 2011-2022 period. The most "popular" pharmaceuticals for the adulteration of food supplements were phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (235 records); anorexics and laxatives (76), including sibutramine and its active metabolite N-didesmethyl sibutramine, phenolphthalein and 2,4-dinitrophenol; stimulants, among which 1,3-dimethylamine (97), and synephrine (53) were the most numerous; nootropic drugs (24); anabolics and prohormones (16); and cannabinoid cannabidiol (14) (pending authorization as a novel food ingredient). Over 65% of notifications of interest were classified as serious risks, and over 80% of these were alert or border rejection notifications, mainly generated as a result of official control on the market. The alarming number of RASFF notifications should be considered a public health issue, demanding clear and targeted recommendation for action for the legislature and authorities. A harmonized nutrivigilance system should be considered as a tool to detect and scrutinize the adverse health effects of food supplements, along with measures to improve their safety, quality, and testing.
PubMed: 37888499
DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11050154 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Apr 2022An anti-phenolphthalein monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared based on the N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) method through phenolphthalein conjugated with proteins....
An anti-phenolphthalein monoclonal antibody (mAb) was prepared based on the N,N'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) method through phenolphthalein conjugated with proteins. Indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay (ICA) methods were used to determine phenolphthalein in slimming products. A standard curve was established, and the IC and limit of detection of ic-ELISA were 0.95 and 0.10 ng/mL with a linear detection range of 0.27-3.37 ng/mL. The developed ICA was used to detect phenolphthalein in tablets, capsules, and slimming tea samples with visual limit of detection values of 10 μg/kg, and cut-off values of 200 μg/kg. The results indicated that these two methods could be used to quickly detect phenolphthalein in slimming products.
Topics: Chromatography, Affinity; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Gold Colloid; Immunoassay; Phenolphthalein
PubMed: 35158187
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114609 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Weight loss supplements that have illegal additives of pharmaceutical drugs or analogues have additional health risks, and customers may not be aware of what they are...
Weight loss supplements that have illegal additives of pharmaceutical drugs or analogues have additional health risks, and customers may not be aware of what they are taking. This research is an essential investigation and quantification of illegally added pharmaceuticals or prescription medications, specifically fluoxetine, phenolphthalein, and sibutramine, in herbal weight loss supplements offered for sale in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this case, 137 weight loss supplements were collected and analyzed in this study. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV absorption detection coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-MS/MS) analyses were used to determine the presence of the pharmaceutical chemicals. Among the weight loss supplements, 15.3% (95% CI: 9.2-21.4) contained undeclared sibutramine, 13.9% (95% CI: 8.01-19.7) contained undeclared phenolphthalein, and 5.1% (95% CI: 1.4-8.8) contained undeclared fluoxetine. Amongst all weight loss supplements, 17.5% (95% CI: 11.07-24) contained significant concentrations of either sibutramine, phenolphthalein, or fluoxetine. Whilst weight loss herbal supplements offered for sale in the UAE have relatively low percentages of undeclared pharmaceuticals, many people take several different supplements daily and may encounter quite high levels of combined exposure to toxic compounds.
Topics: Anti-Obesity Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Supplements; Drug Contamination; Humans; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; United Arab Emirates
PubMed: 34833995
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226903