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Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Nov 2017Whisper is known to be produced by different speakers differently, especially with respect to glottal configuration that influences glottal aerodynamics. Differences in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
INTRODUCTION
Whisper is known to be produced by different speakers differently, especially with respect to glottal configuration that influences glottal aerodynamics. Differences in whisper production and phonation types imply important linguistic information in many languages, are identified in vocal pathologies, are used to communicate mood and emotion, and are used in vocal performance.
OBJECTIVE
The present study focused on investigating the aerodynamic differences between whisper and phonation at different loudness and adduction levels.
METHODS
Three men and five women between 20 and 40 years of age participated in the study. Smooth syllable strings of the syllable /baep:/ were whispered and phonated at three different loudness levels (soft, medium, and loud) and three voice qualities (breathy, normal, and pressed). The voice qualities are associated with different adduction levels. This resulted in 18 treatment combinations (three adduction levels × three loudness levels × two sexes).
RESULTS
A regression analysis was performed using a PROC MIXED procedure with SAS statistical software. Under similar production conditions, subglottal pressure was significantly lower in whisper than in phonation in 10 of 18 combinations, mean glottal airflow was significantly higher in whisper than in phonation in 13 of 18 combinations, and flow resistance was significantly lower in whisper than in phonation in 14 of 18 combinations, with the female subjects demonstrating these trends more frequently than the male subjects do. Of importance, in general, compared with phonation under similar production conditions, whisper is not always accompanied by lower subglottal pressure and higher airflows.
CONCLUSION
Results from this study suggest that the typical finding of lower subglottal pressure, higher glottal airflow, and decreased flow resistance in whisper compared with phonation cannot be generalized to all individuals and depends on the "whisper type." The nine basic production conditions (three loudness levels and three adduction levels) resulted in data that may help explain the wide range of variation of whisper production reported in earlier studies.
Topics: Adult; Airway Resistance; Biomechanical Phenomena; Female; Glottis; Humans; Loudness Perception; Male; Phonation; Pressure; Rheology; Speech Acoustics; Speech Perception; Speech Production Measurement; Time Factors; Voice Quality; Young Adult
PubMed: 28366247
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.02.016 -
Folia Phoniatrica Et Logopaedica :... 2023This study identifies the most suitable syllable for laryngeal diadochokinesis (LDDK) in Mandarin speakers.
INTRODUCTION
This study identifies the most suitable syllable for laryngeal diadochokinesis (LDDK) in Mandarin speakers.
METHODS
One hundred and ten Mandarin speakers aged 18-83 years were used in the study. LDDK was assessed using quick repetitions of /ʔe/, /ʔi/, /ʔa/, /he/, /ha/, and /hi/. The observation index included the average rate (syllable/s) and regularity (%).
RESULTS
In the various age groups, there was no significant difference in LDDK rate and regularity of adducted syllables (p > 0.05), and only the regularity of /ʔi/ is significantly different between aged 18-40 and 41-64 years (p = 0.040). When vocal fold adduction was compared between various syllables, there was no significant difference in LDDK rate and regularity (p > 0.05). In various age groups, the LDDK rate of abduction syllables is different (p < 0.05) compared with the LDDK regularity of abduction syllables (p > 0.05). In various abduction syllables, there is no difference in LDDK rate (p > 0.05); however, /ha/ and /hi/ have significant differences in LDDK regularity (p = 0.007).
CONCLUSION
According to the preliminary data, /ʔa/ and /ha/ can be used as suitable indicators to analyse the coordination ability of the laryngeal movement of Mandarin speakers.
Topics: Humans; Larynx; Phonation
PubMed: 36948160
DOI: 10.1159/000530306 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Jul 2022To clarify the relationship between voice and respiratory function, and to understand the role for airflow measures in the evaluation of voice patients. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To clarify the relationship between voice and respiratory function, and to understand the role for airflow measures in the evaluation of voice patients.
METHODS
Literature searches of MEDLINE (Ovid) and Web of Science were performed on April 6, 2020, to include articles written in English that both discussed voice in relation to lower respiratory function and reported evaluation of airflow. Search strategies included the keywords voice, respiratory, airflow, and aerodynamic measures. Data were extracted from articles that met inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Twenty studies were included for review. Fourteen (70%) studies evaluated at least 1 spirometric respiratory measure, including Forced Vital Capacity, Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second, and Forced Expiratory Flow. Other measures assessed included mean flow rate, mean peak airflow, phonatory airflow, inspiratory airflow, expiratory airflow, and phonation quotient. Notably, four studies which included pulmonary function tests (PFTs) as part of voice evaluation discovered previously undiagnosed respiratory disease in their study populations.
CONCLUSION
This review confirms that respiratory function contributes significantly to voice and reveals that few studies have explored the role for airflow measures in clarifying this relationship. Including airflow measures such as PFTs in standard voice evaluation may allow recognition of underlying respiratory disease contributing to voice dysfunction. Further research is recommended to establish indications and diagnostic criteria for the use of PFTs in voice patients.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Phonation; Respiration; Vital Capacity; Voice
PubMed: 32981809
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.07.019 -
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology &... Aug 2022The purpose of this review is to provide the most up to date information on evaluation and management of laryngeal trauma. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The purpose of this review is to provide the most up to date information on evaluation and management of laryngeal trauma.
RECENT FINDINGS
Timely diagnosis and proper treatment of laryngeal fractures are imperative for preserving a functional larynx. This review will focus on evaluation and management strategies.
SUMMARY
The larynx provides significant functions including respiration, phonation, and airway protection. Algorithms have been developed in order to standardize the evaluation and management of these injuries to preserve a functional larynx. Physicians must diagnose and treat these laryngeal traumas in a timely fashion in order to prevent morbidity and, rarely, mortality.
Topics: Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Larynx; Neck Injuries; Phonation; Respiration
PubMed: 35906982
DOI: 10.1097/MOO.0000000000000816 -
Auris, Nasus, Larynx Oct 2022Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) is caused by hyperadduction of the vocal folds during phonation, resulting in a strained voice. Animal models are not yet used to...
OBJECTIVE
Adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) is caused by hyperadduction of the vocal folds during phonation, resulting in a strained voice. Animal models are not yet used to elucidate this intractable disease because AdSD has a difficult pathology without a definitive origin. For the first step, we established an animal model with vocal fold hyperadduction and evaluated its validity by assessing laryngeal function.
METHODS
In this experimental animal study, three adult Japanese 20-week-old rabbits were used. The models were created using a combination of cricothyroid approximation, forced airflow, and electrical stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs). Cricothyroid approximation was added to produce a glottal slit. Thereafter, both RLNs were electrically stimulated to induce vocal fold hyperadduction. Finally, the left RLN was transected to relieve hyperadduction. The sound, endoscopic images, and subglottal pressure were recorded, and acoustic analysis was performed.
RESULTS
Subglottal pressure increased significantly, and the strained sound was produced after the electrical stimulation of the RLNs. After transecting the left RLN, the subglottal pressure decreased significantly, and the strained sound decreased. Acoustic analysis revealed an elevation of the standard deviation of F0 (SDF0) and degree of voice breaks (DVB) through stimulation of the RLNs, and degradation of SDF0 and DVB through RLN transection. Formant bands in the sound spectrogram were interrupted by the stimulation and appeared again after the RLN section.
CONCLUSION
This study developed a rabbit model with vocal fold hyperadduction . The subglottal pressure and acoustic analysis of this model resembled the characteristics of patients with AdSD. This model could be helpful to elucidate the pathology of the larynx caused by hyperadduction, and evaluate and compare the treatments for strained phonation.
Topics: Animals; Dysphonia; Glottis; Humans; Laryngeal Muscles; Phonation; Rabbits; Vocal Cords
PubMed: 35093243
DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2022.01.008 -
The Journal of the Acoustical Society... Apr 2020Chichimec (Otomanguean) has two tones, high and low, and a phonological three-way phonation contrast: modal /V/, breathy /V¨/, and creaky /Ṽ/. Tone and phonation type...
Chichimec (Otomanguean) has two tones, high and low, and a phonological three-way phonation contrast: modal /V/, breathy /V¨/, and creaky /Ṽ/. Tone and phonation type contrasts are used independently. This paper investigates the acoustic realization of modal, breathy, and creaky vowels; the timing of phonation in non-modal vowels; and the production of tone in combination with different phonation types. The results of cepstral peak prominence and three spectral tilt measures showed that phonation type contrasts are not distinguished by the same acoustic measures for women and men. In line with expectations for laryngeally complex languages, phonetic modal and non-modal phonation are sequenced in phonological breathy and creaky vowels. With respect to the timing pattern, however, the results show that non-modal phonation is not, as previously reported, mainly located in the middle of the vowel. Non-modal phonation is, instead, predominantly realized in the second half of phonological breathy and creaky vowels. Tone is distinguished in all three phonation types, and non-modal vowels do not exhibit distinct F0 ranges except for creaky vowels produced by women in which F0 declines in the creaky portion. The results of the acoustic analysis provide additional insights to phonological accounts of laryngeal complexity in Chichimec.
Topics: Acoustics; Female; Humans; Language; Male; Phonation; Phonetics; Speech Acoustics
PubMed: 32359325
DOI: 10.1121/10.0001015 -
Auris, Nasus, Larynx Jun 2018Clarification of the association between the swallowing function and respiratory and phonatory functions.
OBJECTIVE
Clarification of the association between the swallowing function and respiratory and phonatory functions.
METHODS
The subjects were 30 patients with a chief complaint of swallowing disorder with clear consciousness capable of retaining a sitting position. Patients with organic and functional diseases of the larynx were excluded. Twenty-two and eight patients were male and female, respectively, and the mean age was 77.0±14.6years old. The chest expansion score was measured as an index of the respiratory function, and the maximum phonation time (MPT) was measured as an index of the phonatory function. The presence or absence of aspiration was judged using videoendoscopic swallowing study (VESS) and videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS). The patients were divided into those with and without aspiration, and the chest expansion score and MPT were compared. In addition, the distance of laryngeal elevation was measured in the lateral view of VFSS, and its correlations with the chest expansion score and MPT were closely analyzed. To evaluate reliability of the test, the distance of laryngeal elevation and videoendoscopic score were compared between the presence and absence of aspiration.
RESULTS
The distance of laryngeal elevation was significantly shortened and the videoendoscopic score was significantly higher in the group with aspiration, as previously reported. On comparison of the chest expansion score between the groups with and without aspiration, no significant difference was noted at the axillary or xiphoid process level, and shortening was significant only at the 10th rib level in the group with aspiration. On comparison of MPT, it was significantly shortened in the group with aspiration. In addition, a significant positive correlation with the distance of laryngeal elevation was noted in both chest expansion score and MPT.
CONCLUSION
It was suggested that declines of the respiratory and phonatory functions are risk factors of aspiration through limiting laryngeal elevation, and the chest expansion score at the 10th rib level and MPT are useful for screening of aspiration.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Deglutition; Deglutition Disorders; Female; Humans; Laryngoscopy; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Phonation; Reproducibility of Results; Respiration; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Video Recording
PubMed: 28890113
DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2017.08.009 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Mar 2017Water resistance therapy by phonating through a tube into the water is used to treat dysphonia. Deep submersion (≥10 cm in water, "deep bubbling") is used for...
OBJECTIVES
Water resistance therapy by phonating through a tube into the water is used to treat dysphonia. Deep submersion (≥10 cm in water, "deep bubbling") is used for hypofunctional voice disorders. Using it with caution is recommended to avoid vocal overloading. This experimental study aimed to investigate how strenuous "deep bubbling" is.
STUDY DESIGN
Fourteen subjects, half of them with voice training, repeated the syllable [pa:] in comfortable speaking pitch and loudness, loudly, and in strained voice. Thereafter, they phonated a vowel-like sound both in comfortable loudness and loudly into a glass resonance tube immersed 10 cm into the water.
METHODS
Oral pressure, contact quotient (CQ, calculated from electroglottographic signal), and sound pressure level were studied. The peak oral pressure P(oral) during [p] and shuttering of the outer end of the tube was measured to estimate the subglottic pressure P(sub) and the mean P(oral) during vowel portions to enable calculation of transglottic pressure P(trans). Sensations during phonation were reported with an open-ended interview.
RESULTS
P(sub) and P(oral) were higher in "deep bubbling" and P(trans) lower than in loud syllable phonation, but the CQ did not differ significantly. Similar results were obtained for the comparison between loud "deep bubbling" and strained phonation, although P(sub) did not differ significantly. Most of the subjects reported "deep bubbling" to be stressful only for respiratory and lip muscles. No big differences were found between trained and untrained subjects.
CONCLUSIONS
The CQ values suggest that "deep bubbling" may increase vocal fold loading. Further studies should address impact stress during water resistance exercises.
Topics: Acoustics; Adult; Dysphonia; Electrodiagnosis; Equipment Design; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Phonation; Pressure; Sound; Speech Acoustics; Time Factors; Transducers, Pressure; Vocal Cords; Voice Quality; Voice Training; Water
PubMed: 27292094
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2016.04.013 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Nov 2020
Topics: Humans; Phonation; Respiration; Respiratory Insufficiency
PubMed: 32584592
DOI: 10.7326/M20-4186 -
Journal of Voice : Official Journal of... Nov 2021Research studies of maximum phonation time, have questioned its validity and value as a tool to assess laryngeal competence. This study proposes a fresh look at...
PURPOSE
Research studies of maximum phonation time, have questioned its validity and value as a tool to assess laryngeal competence. This study proposes a fresh look at phonation time, from a different perspective. The interrelationships of the durations between semiocclusion vs. open vocal tract (/s/-/z/ vs. /α/) and voiced vs voiceless (/z/-/α/ vs. /s/) sound are examined to determine whether this approach might provide additional clinical insight into the respiratory phonatory efficiency of patients.
METHODS
Comfortable sustained phonation time of /s/, /z/ and /α/ was collected as part of the voice evaluation of patients referred by laryngologists for voice therapy. Inclusionary criteria: male and female subjects 19 years of age or older. Exclusionary criteria: autoimmune disorders, malignancies, major pulmonary/respiratory disorders.
RESULTS
A total of 218 patients (150 females and 68 males) mean age of 53.6 met all the criteria. Means, standard deviations and t test were conducted to determine whether significant differences existed. t test results indicate significance between s/z P = 0.002 and z/α P = 0.004 for females but only slight significance in s/α P = 0.03 for males. Close analysis of individual results observed four (4) different conditions or effects of fricative/semiocclusion and voicing: the close durations of the /s/ and /z/ relative to the /α/; the /z/ and /α/ are close in duration relative to the /s/; the spread of more than 5 seconds between /s/, /z/ and /α/ relative to the others; and similar duration of /s/, /z/, and /α/.
CONCLUSION
Significant differences exist in the durations of comfortable phonation time of sustained /s/ and /z/ and /α/ thought to be related to effects of semiocclusion, fricative consonants, and voicing. Phonation time should be seen not only in terms of duration, but the interplay of the phonemic qualities of the sounds as they relate of laryngeal efficiency.
Topics: Female; Humans; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Phonation; Sound; Time Factors; Voice
PubMed: 32345503
DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.03.012