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Food Chemistry Oct 2017This work presents the effects of pan cooking on PCBs, PCDD/Fs, pesticides and trace elements in meat from a risk assessment perspective. Three different realistic...
This work presents the effects of pan cooking on PCBs, PCDD/Fs, pesticides and trace elements in meat from a risk assessment perspective. Three different realistic cooking intensities were studied. A GC×GC-TOF/MS method was set up for the multiresidue analysis of 189 PCBs, 17 PCDD/Fs and 16 pesticides whereas Cd, As, Pb and Hg were assayed by ICP-MS. In terms of quantity, average PCB losses after cooking were 18±5% for rare, 30±3% for medium, and 48±2% for well-done meat. In contrast, average PCDD/F losses were not significant. For pesticides, no loss occurred for aldrin, lindane, DDE or DDD, whereas losses exceeding 80% were found for dieldrin, sulfotep or phorate. Losses close to the margin of error were observed for trace elements. These results are discussed in light of the physicochemical properties of the micropollutants as well as of water and fat losses into cooking juice.
Topics: Cooking; Food Handling; Hot Temperature; Meat; Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PubMed: 28490090
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.049 -
Toxicology Mar 2021Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) include nerve agents and insecticides that potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an essential enzyme found throughout the...
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) include nerve agents and insecticides that potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an essential enzyme found throughout the nervous system. High exposure levels to OPs lead to seizures, cardiac arrest, and death if left untreated. Oximes are a critical piece to the therapeutic regimen which remove the OP from the inhibited AChE and restore normal cholinergic function. The current oximes 2-PAM, MMB-4, TMB-4, HI-6, and obidoxime (OBD) have two drawbacks: lack of broad spectrum protection against multiple OP structures and poor brain penetration to protect against OP central neurotoxicity. An alternative strategy to enhance therapy is reactivation of serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). BChE is stoichiometrically inhibited by OPs with no apparent toxic result. Inhibition of BChE in the serum followed by reactivation could create a pseudo-catalytic scavenger allowing numerous regenerations of BChE to detoxify circulating OP molecules before they can reach target AChE. BChE in serum from rats, guinea pigs or humans was screened for the reactivation potential of our novel substituted phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes, plus 2-PAM, MMB-4, TMB-4, HI-6, and OBD (100μM) in vitro after inhibition by highly relevant surrogates of sarin, VX, and cyclosarin, and also DFP, and the insecticidal active metabolites paraoxon, phorate-oxon, and phorate-oxon sulfoxide. Novel oxime 15 demonstrated significant broad spectrum reactivation of OP-inhibited rat serum BChE while novel oxime 20 demonstrated significant broad spectrum reactivation of OP-inhibited human serum BChE. All tested oximes were poor reactivators of OP-inhibited guinea pig serum BChE. The bis-pyridinium oximes were poor BChE reactivators overall. BChE reactivation may be an additional mechanism to attenuate OP toxicity and contribute to therapeutic efficacy.
Topics: Animals; Butyrylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Nerve Agents; Organophosphates; Oximes; Pyridinium Compounds; Rats
PubMed: 33592259
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152719 -
Stress Biology Feb 2024Organophosphate compounds are widely used in agricultural activities to optimize food production. Contamination of field soil by these compounds may result in...
Organophosphate compounds are widely used in agricultural activities to optimize food production. Contamination of field soil by these compounds may result in detrimental effects on soil biota. The aim of the present study was to isolate microorganisms from field soils and evaluate the strains on ability to degrade organophosphates as single isolate and as a consortium. Isolated strains were identified using both biochemical and molecular techniques. Results revealed that, out of the 46 isolated strains, three isolates herein referred to as S6, S36 and S37 showed an average diazinon degradation rate of 76.4%, 76.7% and 76.8% respectively, of the initial dose (50 ppm) within 11 days of incubation in mineral medium. Notably, isolates S36 and S37 were more effective than S6 in degrading diazinon by 40% in soil aliquot after 11 days and therefore were evaluated on biochemical reactions and molecular identification. The isolates showed variable biochemical characteristics. However, both isolates possessed catalase enzyme, but lacked oxidase enzyme. Molecular characterization showed that, the closest species for S36 and S37 were Priestia megaterium and P. arybattia, respectively, based on 16S rRNA gene similarity (> 99%). Combination of the strains increased diazinon degradation ability by 45% compared to single strain treatment. Chlorpyrifos was the most highly degraded organophosphate, compared to phorate and cadusafos. Therefore it is expected that the pesticide-degrading bacteria could be a solution to soil health improvement and contribution to the production of safe agricultural products.
PubMed: 38319394
DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00138-6 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jan 2021Contaminated sites from pesticide industry have attracted global concern due to the characteristics of organic pollution with high concentrations and complete loss of...
Contaminated sites from pesticide industry have attracted global concern due to the characteristics of organic pollution with high concentrations and complete loss of habitat conditions. Remediation of organophosphorus pesticide polluted soil using microwave-activated persulfate (MW/PS) oxidation was investigated in this study, with parathion as the representative pesticide. Approximately 90 % of parathion was degraded after 90 min of MW/PS oxidation treatment, which was superior to those by single PS or MW treatment. Relatively greater performances for parathion degradation were obtained in a relatively larger PS dosage, higher microwave temperature, and lower organic matter content. Appropriate soil moisture favored parathion degradation in soil. SO, OH, O, and O generated in the MW/PS system all contributed to parathion degradation. Multiple spectroscopy analyses indicated that PO and PS bonds in parathion were destroyed after MW/PS oxidation, accompanied by generation of hydroxylated and carbonylated byproducts. The soil safety after parathion degradation was assessed via model prediction. Furthermore, MW/PS oxidation also exhibited great performance for degradation of other organophosphorus pesticides, including ethion, phorate, and terbufos.
PubMed: 32645541
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123361 -
RSC Advances Jul 2021Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an attractive means for trace compound detection because of its high sensitivity, however, the poor reproducibility is a...
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an attractive means for trace compound detection because of its high sensitivity, however, the poor reproducibility is a major challenge. Herein, we propose a facile SERS strategy employing the several developed test processes to improve the repeatability of the SERS analysis based on regular nylon membranes as substrates to detect trace compounds. Various methods, including reduction, immersion adsorption, and filtration, were first compared to prepare composite substrates using nylon membranes and gold nanoparticles. The substrates prepared by filtration showed the best test parallelism (RSD = 7.85%). Its limit of detection (LOD) could reach 10 g mL with a good linear relationship in the range 10 to 10 g mL. Finally, three pesticide solutions were tested to verify the substrate applicability. A superior LOD of 10 g mL was observed for thiram, whereas the LODs of both phorate and benthiocarb could reach 10 g mL. Overall, modifying nylon membrane substrates with gold nanoparticles improves the repeatability and economic viability of SERS and favors its wider commercial application for detecting trace compounds.
PubMed: 35479016
DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03490a -
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Sep 2014To estimate associations between use of specific agricultural pesticides and incident diabetes in women.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate associations between use of specific agricultural pesticides and incident diabetes in women.
METHODS
We used data from the Agricultural Health Study, a large prospective cohort of pesticide applicators and their spouses in Iowa and North Carolina. For comparability with previous studies of farmers, we limited analysis to 13 637 farmers' wives who reported ever personally mixing or applying pesticides at enrolment (1993-1997), who provided complete data on required covariates and diabetes diagnosis and who reported no previous diagnosis of diabetes at enrolment. Participants reported ever-use of 50 specific pesticides at enrolment and incident diabetes at one of two follow-up interviews within an average of 12 years of enrolment. We fit Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time scale and adjusting for state and body mass index to estimate HRs and 95% CIs for each of the 45 pesticides with sufficient users.
RESULTS
Five pesticides were positively associated with incident diabetes (n=688; 5%): three organophosphates, fonofos (HR=1.56, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.19), phorate (HR=1.57, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.16) and parathion (HR=1.61, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.46); the organochlorine dieldrin (HR=1.99, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.54); and the herbicide 2,4,5-T/2,4,5-TP (HR=1.59, 95% CI 1.00 to 2.51). With phorate and fonofos together in one model to account for their correlation, risks for both remained elevated, though attenuated compared with separate models.
CONCLUSIONS
Results are consistent with previous studies reporting an association between specific organochlorines and diabetes and add to growing evidence that certain organophosphates also may increase risk.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Humans; Incidence; Iowa; Middle Aged; North Carolina; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Proportional Hazards Models; Spouses; Young Adult
PubMed: 24727735
DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101659 -
Environmental Health Perspectives Jul 2017Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Few studies have investigated its relationship to environmental...
BACKGROUND
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Few studies have investigated its relationship to environmental neurotoxicants. In previous cross-sectional studies, we found an association between pesticide use and self-reported retinal degeneration.
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the association of pesticide use with physician-confirmed incident AMD.
METHODS
The Agricultural Health Study (AHS) is a prospective cohort of pesticide applicators and their spouses enrolled from 1993-1997 in Iowa and North Carolina. Cohort members reported lifetime use of 50 specific pesticides at enrollment. Self-reports of incident AMD during follow-up through 2007 were confirmed by reports from participants' physicians and by independent evaluation of retinal photographs provided by the physicians. Confirmed cases (=161) were compared with AHS cohort members without AMD (=39,108). We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by logistic regression with adjustment for age, gender, and smoking.
RESULTS
AMD was associated with ever use of organochlorine [OR=2.7 (95% CI: 1.8, 4.0)] and organophosphate [OR=2.0 (95% CI: 1.3, 3.0)] insecticides and phenoxyacetate herbicides [OR=1.9 (95% CI: 1.2, 2.8)]. Specific pesticides consistently associated with AMD included chlordane, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), malathion, and captan; others with notable but slightly less consistent associations were heptachlor, diazinon, phorate, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Results were similar for men and women. Some specific pesticides were associated with both early- and late-stage AMD, but others were associated with only one stage.
CONCLUSIONS
Exposures to specific pesticides may be modifiable risk factors for AMD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP793.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Case-Control Studies; Female; Humans; Incidence; Iowa; Logistic Models; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; North Carolina; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28886597
DOI: 10.1289/EHP793 -
Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo... Apr 2019The study aims at taking risk assessment of pesticide residues in ginseng and high risk pesticides were picked up in order to provide a scientific basis for the...
The study aims at taking risk assessment of pesticide residues in ginseng and high risk pesticides were picked up in order to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of maximum residue limits(MRLs) for pesticides in ginseng. Residues of 246 pesticides in 80 ginseng samples collected from different place were detected by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS method. Acute and chronic intake risks were evaluated by using deterministic approach, and the matrix ranking developed by the Veterinary Residues Committee of the United Kingdom was referred to assess risk score of pesticides. The 25 kinds of pesticide residues were detected in ginseng samples, the detection rate of quintozene(PCNB) was 78%, which was the most frequently detectable pesticide. The chronic dietary intake risks of 25 pesticide residues expressed as %ADI were 0.00%-2.6%, and their acute dietary intake risks expressed as %ARfD were 0.00%-104.2%. Among them the acute dietary intake risks of PCNB was 104%,which was the highest. The 25 pesticides were divided into 3 groups by risk score, high risk group(4 pesticides), medium risk group(6 pesticides), and low risk group(15 pesticides). Hexachlorobenzene, phorate, PCNB and BHC were classified as high risk group. It is necessary and effective to establish the limit of residual organic chlorine in ginseng from Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition). MRLs for PCNB and hexachlorobenzene in ginseng were proposed to be revised based on the results of risk assessment.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Panax; Pesticide Residues; Risk Assessment; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 31090288
DOI: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190319.102 -
Journal of Analytical Methods in... 2021This study aimed to develop a method, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for detecting 37 pesticides in () and investigating the decrease in the...
This study aimed to develop a method, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for detecting 37 pesticides in () and investigating the decrease in the matrix-induced enhancement effect. The influence of QuEChERS extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared. extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared to decrease the ME. The cleanup sorbents, volume and type of solvent, and treatment time were optimized. The accuracy (as recovery), precision (as relative standard deviation, RSD), linearity, limit of quantitation, and limit of detection were determined. The recoveries at the three levels using mixed standard solution ranged between 76% and 120% with RSD ≤15%, and 76% and 120% with RSD ≤11% for MSPD and QuEChERS extraction, respectively. The results suggested that the ME for 21 pesticides was in the range of 80%-120% after MSPD and 15% after QuEChERS extraction. QuEChERS extraction was simpler and faster than MSPD. This methodology was applied in the analysis of 27 samples; phorate was most frequently detected (63.0% of the sample).
PubMed: 34925934
DOI: 10.1155/2021/8854025 -
Plant Disease Apr 2020Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) is a common and serious disease of peanut ( L.) caused by (TSWV; family , genus ). Management frequently uses an integrated approach, with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) is a common and serious disease of peanut ( L.) caused by (TSWV; family , genus ). Management frequently uses an integrated approach, with cultivar resistance and application of in-furrow insecticide as two critical components. In-furrow insecticides help suppress thrips, which can injure and stunt young growing plants and transmit TSWV, with postemergent application of acephate capable of providing additional thrips control. To examine effects of systemic insecticides (imidacloprid, imidacloprid plus fluopyram, phorate, and acephate) on TSW management, yield, and economic return across cultivar susceptibilities (susceptible, moderately susceptible, and resistant) in South Carolina, a meta-analysis was used to synthesize results from 32 studies conducted between 2009 and 2018. Although efficacy and magnitude of individual treatments varied with susceptibility, imidacloprid increased, whereas phorate generally decreased TSW incidence relative to nontreated controls. In-furrow treatments followed by acephate further reduced TSW incidence and increased profitability. All examined treatments improved yield compared with untreated peanuts except for susceptible cultivars treated with imidacloprid. Imidacloprid plus fluopyram increased yield more than imidacloprid alone for the susceptible group, although there was little difference between these treatments in association with moderately susceptible cultivars. When comparing individual applications, phorate was overall the most profitable option across susceptibilities, although imidacloprid plus fluopyram exhibited analogous profitability for susceptible cultivars. Results from this study can be used to assist producer selection of management options for TSW in peanut.
Topics: Animals; Arachis; Insecticides; Solanum lycopersicum; Plant Diseases; South Carolina
PubMed: 32031909
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-09-19-1829-RE