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Current Pain and Headache Reports Nov 2014Migraine is associated with derangements in perception of multiple sensory modalities including vision, hearing, smell, and somatosensation. Compared to people without... (Review)
Review
Migraine is associated with derangements in perception of multiple sensory modalities including vision, hearing, smell, and somatosensation. Compared to people without migraine, migraineurs have lower discomfort thresholds in response to special sensory stimuli as well as to mechanical and thermal noxious stimuli. Likewise, the environmental triggers of migraine attacks, such as odors and flashing lights, highlight basal abnormalities in sensory processing and integration. These alterations in sensory processing and perception in migraineurs have been investigated via physiological studies and functional brain imaging studies. Investigations have demonstrated that migraineurs during and between migraine attacks have atypical stimulus-induced activations of brainstem, subcortical, and cortical regions that participate in sensory processing. A lack of normal habituation to repetitive stimuli during the interictal state and a tendency towards development of sensitization likely contribute to migraine-related alterations in sensory processing.
Topics: Auditory Cortex; Brain Stem; Electrical Synapses; Environmental Exposure; Functional Neuroimaging; Humans; Light; Migraine Disorders; Nociception; Noise; Odorants; Olfactory Cortex; Pain Threshold; Photophobia; Risk Factors; Sensory Thresholds; Visual Cortex
PubMed: 25245197
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-014-0458-8 -
The Journal of Headache and Pain May 2023Migraine is a highly disabling health burden with multiple symptoms; however, it remains undertreated because of an inadequate understanding of its neural mechanisms....
BACKGROUND
Migraine is a highly disabling health burden with multiple symptoms; however, it remains undertreated because of an inadequate understanding of its neural mechanisms. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been demonstrated to be involved in the modulation of pain and emotion, and may play a role in migraine pathophysiology. Changes in NPY levels have been found in patients with migraine, but whether and how these changes contribute to migraine is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of NPY in migraine-like phenotypes.
METHODS
Here, we used intraperitoneal injection of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, 10 mg/kg) as a migraine mouse model, which was verified by light-aversive test, von Frey test, and elevated plus maze test. We then performed whole-brain imaging with NPY-GFP mice to explore the critical regions where NPY was changed by GTN treatment. Next, we microinjected NPY into the medial habenula (MHb), and further infused Y1 or Y2 receptor agonists into the MHb, respectively, to detect the effects of NPY in GTN-induced migraine-like behaviors.
RESULTS
GTN effectively triggered allodynia, photophobia, and anxiety-like behaviors in mice. After that, we found a decreased level of GFP cells in the MHb of GTN-treated mice. Microinjection of NPY attenuated GTN-induced allodynia and anxiety without affecting photophobia. Furthermore, we found that activation of Y1-but not Y2-receptors attenuated GTN-induced allodynia and anxiety.
CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, our data support that the NPY signaling in the MHb produces analgesic and anxiolytic effects through the Y1 receptor. These findings may provide new insights into novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of migraine.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Neuropeptide Y; Receptors, Neuropeptide Y; Habenula; Hyperalgesia; Photophobia; Migraine Disorders
PubMed: 37231359
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01596-z -
Kathmandu University Medical Journal... 2022A 34 years old female presented with complains of photophobia since 6-7 months. On examination, she had anisocoria of 4 mm in room light which increased in bright light....
A 34 years old female presented with complains of photophobia since 6-7 months. On examination, she had anisocoria of 4 mm in room light which increased in bright light. The left pupil was dilated and unresponsive to direct and indirect light stimuli. It did however, constrict slowly on near fixation followed by slow redilatation on distance fixation. A diagnosis of Adie's tonic pupil was made since left pupil constricted with instillation of dilute pilocarpine 0.1%. Her symptoms of photophobia and blurred vision immediately resolved. Photochromatic glasses and dilute pilocarpine 0.1% three times a day were prescribed. Prompt symptomatic relief of photophobia and blurred vision was observed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; Tonic Pupil; Photophobia; Pilocarpine; Pupil; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 36273305
DOI: No ID Found -
Neurology Nov 2020The majority of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are classified as having a mild TBI. Despite being categorized as mild, these individuals report ongoing and... (Review)
Review
The majority of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) are classified as having a mild TBI. Despite being categorized as mild, these individuals report ongoing and complex symptoms, which negatively affect their ability to complete activities of daily living and overall quality of life. Some of the major symptoms include anxiety, depression, sleep problems, headaches, light sensitivity, and difficulty reading. The root cause for these symptoms is under investigation by many in the field. Of interest, several of these symptoms such as headaches, ocular pain, light sensitivity, and sleep disturbances may overlap and share underlying circuitry influenced by the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). These cells are light sensing, but non-image forming, and they influence corneal function, pupillary constriction, and circadian rhythm. In this review, we discuss these symptoms and propose a role of the ipRGCs as at least one underlying and unifying cause for such symptoms.
Topics: Animals; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Humans; Photophobia; Retinal Ganglion Cells
PubMed: 32934170
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010830 -
Science Translational Medicine Jul 2017Migraine-related photophobia is multifaceted and may be mediated by numerous pathways.
Migraine-related photophobia is multifaceted and may be mediated by numerous pathways.
Topics: Humans; Migraine Disorders; Photophobia
PubMed: 28701480
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan8206 -
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Nov 2018Photophobia has never been investigated in MS.
BACKGROUND
Photophobia has never been investigated in MS.
METHODS
In this pilot study we used photosensitivity questionnaire assessment (PAQ) to evaluate tolerability to light in 73 MS patients and 62 healthy controls.
RESULTS
We identified a lower PAQ score and a higher number of photophobic subjects in MS than in controls. Moreover, clinical disability or previous optic neuritis did not predict the photosensitivity profile.
CONCLUSION
Further studies to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying photophobia in MS are needed.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multiple Sclerosis; Optic Neuritis; Photophobia; Pilot Projects; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 30223230
DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.09.005 -
NeuroRehabilitation 2022Tinted lenses have been used to manage visual discomfort and photosensitivity in patients with migraines, benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and epilepsy. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tinted lenses have been used to manage visual discomfort and photosensitivity in patients with migraines, benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) and epilepsy.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this review is to examine the existing clinical research regarding the use of colored filters among patients recovering from traumatic brain injuries.
METHODS
A review of English articles from PubMed, Embase from embase.com, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO (OVID), Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials with publication years from date of inception to June 10, 2021 was performed. Articles were first screened by title and abstract, followed by full-text review. The search strategy resulted in 7819 results. The final analysis included seven articles which discussed the use of tinted lenses in patients post-traumatic brain injury.
RESULTS
While there is a paucity of information related to the therapeutic use of tinted lenses to mitigate post-traumatic light sensitivity and migraines, patients will subjectively report improved symptoms, specifically with precision tints or FL-41.
CONCLUSION
Further studies are needed to understand the mechanism of action as well as objective and subjective benefits of tinted lenses in patient post-traumatic brain injury.
Topics: Blepharospasm; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Photophobia; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 35342057
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-228015 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2020Inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) patients often experience photophobia. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the main...
Inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) patients often experience photophobia. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the main wavelength of light causing photophobia in IRD and difference among patients with different phenotypes. Forty-seven retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and 22 cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) patients were prospectively recruited. We designed two tinted glasses: short wavelength filtering (SWF) glasses and middle wavelength filtering (MWF) glasses. We classified photophobia into three types: (A) white out, (B) bright glare, and (C) ocular pain. Patients were asked to assign scores between one (not at all) and five (totally applicable) for each symptom with and without glasses. In patients with RP, photophobia was better relieved with SWF glasses {"white out" (p < 0.01) and "ocular pain" (p = 0.013)}. In CRD patients, there was no significant difference in the improvement wearing two glasses (p = 0.247-1.0). All RP patients who preferred MWF glasses had Bull's eye maculopathy. Meanwhile, only 15% of patients who preferred SWF glasses had the finding (p < 0.001). Photophobia is primarily caused by short wavelength light in many patients with IRD. However, the wavelength responsible for photophobia vary depending on the disease and probably vary according to the pathological condition.
Topics: Electroretinography; Humans; Light; Photophobia; Retinal Dystrophies; Retinitis Pigmentosa; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 32908200
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71707-2 -
PloS One 2023The purpose of this cohort study was to investigate the association between the prevalence of abnormal ocular examination results and the common visual symptoms of eye...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this cohort study was to investigate the association between the prevalence of abnormal ocular examination results and the common visual symptoms of eye strain, blurred vision and photophobia.
METHODS
Consecutive first-visit outpatients with best-corrected visual acuity better than 20/30 in both eyes were enrolled and those with a history of intra-ocular lens implantation and glaucoma were excluded. Dry eye-related examinations and retinal thickness measurement were conducted. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated with logistic regression analyses of ocular data in relation to the presence of visual symptoms.
RESULTS
A total of 6078 patients (3920 women, mean age 49.0 ± 20.4 years) were analyzed. The prevalence of each symptom was 31.8% for eye strain, 22.5% for blurred vision and 16.0% for photophobia. A significant risk factor for eye strain was short tear break-up time (TBUT) (OR 1.88), superficial punctate keratitis (SPK) (OR 1.44), and thickness of ganglion cell complex (GCC) (OR 1.30). Risk factors for blurred vision were short TBUT (OR 1.85), SPK (OR 1.24) and GCC (OR 0.59). Risk factors for photophobia were short TBUT (OR 1.77) and SPK (OR 1.32). Schirmer test value, peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness and full macular thickness were not associated with the tested symptoms.
CONCLUSION
The current study successfully identified female gender, short TBUT, and SPK as significant risk factors for eye strain, blurred vision, and photophobia with considerable ORs.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Photophobia; Cohort Studies; Retina; Dry Eye Syndromes; Glaucoma; Keratitis; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 37862343
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293320 -
The Neurologist May 2020Blepharospasm is a type of focal dystonia and categorized into primary and secondary forms, based on whether or not a cause can be established. Secondary blepharospasm...
INTRODUCTION
Blepharospasm is a type of focal dystonia and categorized into primary and secondary forms, based on whether or not a cause can be established. Secondary blepharospasm is uncommon and can be associated with underlying brain lesions. Photophobia is a prominent complaint in blepharospasm patients. We are reporting a case of secondary blepharospasm with photophobia in a patient who had underlying midbrain tuberculoma and thalamic infarcts. This type of presentation has not been reported to the best of our knowledge.
CASE REPORT
A 26-year-old man presented to us with the complaint of increased blinking and involuntary closure of both eyes for 1 year. He had a past history of tubercular meningitis 16 years back when he presented with bilateral ptosis, left up gaze palsy and right hemiparesis suggestive of Weber syndrome. His magnetic resonance images of the brain were suggestive of multiple intracranial tuberculomas, thalamic infarcts, and noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Following treatment he recovered significantly with no residual neurological deficit except mild bilateral ptosis. His recent magnetic resonance images of the brain was suggestive of calcified granuloma in the midbrain and chronic left thalamic lacunar infarcts. He was treated with injection Onabotulinum toxin and his symptoms improved significantly.
CONCLUSIONS
Our patient had tuberculoma in the midbrain and chronic infarcts in the thalamus, and both lesions may cause blepharospasm and photophobia independently, so it is difficult to ascertain the causative lesion in our patient. However, it is possible that these heterogenous lesions are all part of a single functionally connected brain network and further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Topics: Adult; Blepharospasm; Brain Infarction; Humans; Male; Mesencephalon; Photophobia; Thalamus; Tuberculoma, Intracranial
PubMed: 32358466
DOI: 10.1097/NRL.0000000000000265