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Biochemistry. Biokhimiia Jan 2021The release of phosphorus from phytates occurs via sequential cleavage of phosphate groups. It was believed that, regardless of the properties of phytases, the rate of... (Review)
Review
The release of phosphorus from phytates occurs via sequential cleavage of phosphate groups. It was believed that, regardless of the properties of phytases, the rate of phytate dephosphorylation is limited by the first cleavage of any phosphate group. The position of the first cleaved-off phosphate group depending on the specificity of phytase. The inhibition of dephosphorylation initiation is not associated with the action mechanism of the enzyme and can be rather due to the insufficient phytase activity or low availability of phytates. The analysis of the transformations in the inositol hexakisphosphate (IP)→inositol (I) reaction chain shows that IP dephosphorylation as a whole limits the phosphate group removal from I(1,2,5,6)P (third reaction from the beginning of hydrolysis of phosphate bonds in PA). The lower availability of nutrients in the presence of phytates is not due to action of phytates, but is caused by PA anions (IP), which bind positively charged metal ions, amino acids, and proteins. The availability of nutrients increases as a result of the decrease in their binding caused by the decrease in the concentration of IP anions under the action of phytases. Phytases added to feeds play a lesser role in the digestion of phytates compared to natural enzymes and complement their action. The concept of extra-phosphoric effect has no scientific justification, since phytases exhibit only the phosphohydrolase activity and are not able to catalyze other reactions.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 33827406
DOI: 10.1134/S000629792114011X -
Fish & Shellfish Immunology Sep 2019Phytic acid (PA) is one of the most common anti-nutritional factors in plant-derived protein feeds, and it poses considerable threats to aquaculture production. However,...
Phytic acid (PA) is one of the most common anti-nutritional factors in plant-derived protein feeds, and it poses considerable threats to aquaculture production. However, little is known about the effects of PA on fish intestinal health. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of PA on intestinal immune function in on-growing grass carp. To achieve this goal, a growth trial was conducted for 60 days by feeding 540 fish (120.56 ± 0.51 g) with six semi-purified diets containing graded levels of PA (0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0%). Then fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila for 6 days. The results indicated that, compared with the control group (0% PA), PA did the following: (1) suppressed fish growth performance (percentage weight gain and feed efficiency) and reduced their ability to resist enteritis; (2) decreased fish intestinal antimicrobial ability by reducing intestinal lysozyme (LZ) activities, the contents of complement 3 (C3), C4 and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and downregulating the mRNA levels of hepcidin, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2A (LEAP-2A), LEAP-2B, and β-defensin-1; and (3) aggravated fish intestinal inflammation responses by upregulating the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (except in the DI), interferon γ2 (IFN-γ2), IL-8, IL-12p40, IL-15 (except in the DI) and IL-17D, which is partly related to the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway, whereas downregulating the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines including transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), IL-4/13A, IL-4/13B, IL-10 and IL-11, which is partially associated with the target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling pathway. The possible reasons for some distinctive gene expression patterns in fish three intestinal segments were discussed. Finally, based on the percent weight gain, enteritis morbidity, IgM content and LZ activity in the PI, the maximum tolerance levels of PA for on-growing grass carp were estimated to be 2.17, 1.68, 1.47 and 1.18% of the diet, respectively.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Aeromonas hydrophila; Animal Feed; Animals; Carps; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fish Diseases; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Immunity, Innate; Intestines; Phytic Acid; Random Allocation
PubMed: 31247320
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.045 -
ACS Applied Bio Materials May 2024Medical implants are constantly facing the risk of bacterial infections, especially infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. To mitigate this problem, gold...
Phytic Acid-Promoted Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles with Grafted Cationic Polymer Brushes for the Construction of Synergistic Contact-Killing and Photothermal Bactericidal Coatings.
Medical implants are constantly facing the risk of bacterial infections, especially infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. To mitigate this problem, gold nanoparticles with alkyl bromide moieties (Au NPs-Br) on the surfaces were prepared. Xenon light irradiation triggered the plasmon effect of Au NPs-Br to induce free radical graft polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), leading to the formation of poly(DMAEMA) brush-grafted Au NPs (Au NPs--PDM). The Au NPs--PDM nanocomposites were conjugated with phytic acid (PA) via electrostatic interaction and van der Waals interaction. The as-formed aggregates were deposited on the titanium (Ti) substrates to form the PA/Au NPs--PDM (PAP) hybrid coatings through surface adherence of PA and the gravitational effect. Synergistic bactericidal effects of contact-killing caused by the cationic PDM brushes, and local heating generated by the Au NPs under near-infrared irradiation, conferred strong antibacterial effects on the PAP-deposited Ti (Ti-PAP) substrates. The synergistic bactericidal effects reduced the threshold temperature required for the photothermal sterilization, which in turn minimized the secondary damage to the implant site. The Ti-PAP substrates exhibited 97.34% and 99.97% antibacterial and antiadhesive efficacy, respectively, against () and (), compared to the control under antimicrobial assays. Furthermore, the as-constructed Ti-PAP surface exhibited a 99.42% reduction in the inoculated under assays. In addition, the PAP coatings exhibited good biocompatibility in the hemolysis and cytotoxicity assays as well as in the subcutaneous implantation of rats.
Topics: Gold; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Metal Nanoparticles; Phytic Acid; Materials Testing; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Particle Size; Animals; Surface Properties; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Cations; Polymers; Titanium
PubMed: 38727030
DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00237 -
Australian Endodontic Journal : the... Aug 2019This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of 1% phytic acid as a mixing medium on the setting times and diametral tensile strengths of different calcium...
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of 1% phytic acid as a mixing medium on the setting times and diametral tensile strengths of different calcium silicate-based cements. Specimens for four experimental groups (n = 20/each) were fabricated by mixing ProRoot MTA (Dentsply) and Biodentine (Septodont) powders with their original liquids or with 1% phytic acid. Half of the samples in each group were immediately subjected to setting time tests, whereas the remaining half was subjected to the diametral tensile strength test after 3 weeks. When mixed with their original liquids, the setting time of MTA was significantly longer than that of Biodentine (P < 0.05). When mixed with phytic acid, the initial and final setting times of both test materials significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The diametral tensile strength of Biodentine was significantly greater than that of MTA (P < 0.05). However, phytic acid had no effect on this outcome (P > 0.05).
Topics: Aluminum Compounds; Calcium; Calcium Compounds; Drug Combinations; Materials Testing; Oxides; Phytic Acid; Silicates; Tensile Strength
PubMed: 30402984
DOI: 10.1111/aej.12314 -
Environmental Science & Technology Jul 2022Phytate (-inositol hexakisphosphate salts) can constitute a large fraction of the organic P in soils. As a more recalcitrant form of soil organic P, up to 51 million... (Review)
Review
Phytate (-inositol hexakisphosphate salts) can constitute a large fraction of the organic P in soils. As a more recalcitrant form of soil organic P, up to 51 million metric tons of phytate accumulate in soils annually, corresponding to ∼65% of the P fertilizer application. However, the availability of phytate is limited due to its strong binding to soils via its highly-phosphorylated inositol structure, with sorption capacity being ∼4 times that of orthophosphate in soils. Phosphorus (P) is one of the most limiting macronutrients for agricultural productivity. Given that phosphate rock is a finite resource, coupled with the increasing difficulty in its extraction and geopolitical fragility in supply, it is anticipated that both economic and environmental costs of P fertilizer will greatly increase. Therefore, optimizing the use of soil phytate-P can potentially enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of agriculture production. To increase phytate-P availability in the rhizosphere, plants and microbes have developed strategies to improve phytate solubility and mineralization by secreting mobilizing agents including organic acids and hydrolyzing enzymes including various phytases. Though we have some understanding of phytate availability and phytase activity in soils, the limiting steps for phytate-P acquisition by plants proposed two decades ago remain elusive. Besides, the relative contribution of plant- and microbe-derived phytases, including those from mycorrhizas, in improving phytate-P utilization is poorly understood. Hence, it is important to understand the processes that influence phytate-P acquisition by plants, thereby developing effective molecular biotechnologies to enhance the dynamics of phytate in soil. However, from a practical view, phytate-P acquisition by plants competes with soil P fixation, so the ability of plants to access stable phytate must be evaluated from both a plant and soil perspective. Here, we summarize information on phytate availability in soils and phytate-P acquisition by plants. In addition, agronomic approaches and biotechnological strategies to improve soil phytate-P utilization by plants are discussed, and questions that need further investigation are raised. The information helps to better improve phytate-P utilization by plants, thereby reducing P resource inputs and pollution risks to the wider environment.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Fertilizers; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Phytic Acid; Plants; Soil
PubMed: 35675210
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00099 -
Biochemical Pharmacology May 2019Many mechanistic studies have been performed to analyze the cellular functions of the highly phosphorylated molecule inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP) in health and... (Review)
Review
Many mechanistic studies have been performed to analyze the cellular functions of the highly phosphorylated molecule inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP) in health and disease. While the physiological intracellular functions are well described, the mechanism of potential pharmacological effects on cancer cell proliferation is still controversial. There are numerous studies demonstrating that a high InsP concentration (≥75 µM) inhibits growth of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, there is no doubt that InsP exhibits anticancer activity but the mechanism underlying the cellular effects of extracellular InsP on cancer cells is far from being understood. In addition, studies on the inhibitory effect of InsP on cancer progression in animal models ignore aspects of its bioavailability. Here, we review and critically discuss the uptake mechanism and the intracellular involvement in signaling pathways of InsP in cancer cells. We take into account the controversial findings on InsP plasma concentration, which is a critical aspect of pharmacological accessibility of InsP for cancer treatment. Further, we discuss novel findings with respect to the effect of InsP on normal and immune cells as well as on platelet aggregate size. Our goal is to stimulate further mechanistic studies into novel directions considering previously disregarded aspects of InsP. Only when we fully understand the mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of InsP novel and more efficient treatment options can be developed.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Humans; Neoplasms; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 30797871
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.024 -
Journal of Food Protection May 2019This study investigated the antimicrobial mechanism of phytic acid (PA) and its antibacterial effects in combination with ethanol. The MIC of PA on ATCC 11229, ATCC...
This study investigated the antimicrobial mechanism of phytic acid (PA) and its antibacterial effects in combination with ethanol. The MIC of PA on ATCC 11229, ATCC 6538P, ATCC 6633, and Typhimurium CICC 27483 were 0.24, 0.20, 0.26, and 0.28% (w/w), respectively. ATCC 11229 and ATCC 6538P were selected to investigate the mechanism of PA by analyzing its effects at 1/2MIC and at MIC on the cell morphology, intracellular ATP, and cell membrane integrity. Environmental scanning electron microscope images revealed that PA was able to change the cell morphology and disrupt the intercellular adhesion. PA retarded bacterial growth and caused cell membrane dysfunction, which was accompanied by decreased intracellular ATP concentrations. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed that almost all the bacterial cells were damaged after treatment with PA at its MIC for 2 h. Moreover, PA has a synergistic antimicrobial ability when used in combination with ethanol. These results suggested that PA is effective in inhibiting growth of foodborne pathogens mainly by the mechanism of cell membrane damage and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of natural antimicrobial agents in the food industry.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Adhesion; Food Microbiology; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 31009250
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-418 -
Nucleosides, Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids 2020Phytic acid, a constituent of various plants, has been related to health benefits. Phytic acid has been shown to inhibit purine nucleotide metabolism in vitro and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Phytic acid, a constituent of various plants, has been related to health benefits. Phytic acid has been shown to inhibit purine nucleotide metabolism in vitro and suppress elevation of plasma uric acid levels after purine administration in animal models. This study investigated the effect of phytic acid on postprandial serum uric acid (SUA) in humans. This randomized, double-blind, crossover design study included 48 healthy subjects with normal fasting SUA. Subjects consumed a control drink and a phytic acid drink with purine-rich food, and serum and urine uric acid levels were measured for 360 min after purine loading. Phytic acid lowered the incremental area under the curve (0-360 min) and incremental maximum concentration of SUA after purine loading ( < 0.05); tended to lower cumulative urinary uric acid excretion (0-360 min) after purine loading ( < 0.10); and suppressed postprandial SUA in this clinical study. Altogether, our findings suggest that phytic acid may play a beneficial role in controlling postprandial SUA.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phytic Acid; Purines; Uric Acid; Young Adult
PubMed: 31469027
DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1656337 -
Journal of Materials Science. Materials... Jun 2017In this work, a magnesium phytic acid/hydroxyapatite composite coating was successfully prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy substrate by chemical conversion deposition...
In this work, a magnesium phytic acid/hydroxyapatite composite coating was successfully prepared on AZ31 magnesium alloy substrate by chemical conversion deposition technology with the aim of improving its corrosion resistance and bioactivity. The influence of hydroxyapatite (HA) content on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the coatings was investigated. The results showed that with the increase of HA content in phytic acid solution, the cracks on the surface of the coatings gradually reduced, which subsequently improved the corrosion resistance of these coated magnesium alloy. Electrochemical measurements in simulated body fluid (SBF) revealed that the composite coating with 45 wt.% HA addition exhibited superior surface integrity and significantly improved corrosion resistance compared with the single phytic acid conversion coating. The results of the immersion test in SBF showed that the composite coating could provide more effective protection for magnesium alloy substrate than that of the single phytic acid coating and showed good bioactivity. Magnesium phytic acid/hydroxyapatite composite, with the desired bioactivity, can be synthesized through chemical conversion deposition technology as protective coatings for surface modification of the biodegradable magnesium alloy implants. The design idea of the new type of biomaterial is belong to the concept of "third generation biomaterial". Corrosion behavior and bioactivity of coated magnesium alloy are the key issues during implantation. In this study, preparation and corrosion behavior of magnesium phytic acid/hydroxyapatite composite coatings on magnesium alloy were studied. The basic findings and significance of this paper are as follows: 1. A novel environmentally friendly, homogenous and crack-free magnesium phytic acid/hydroxyapatite composite coating was fabricated on AZ31 magnesium alloy via chemical conversion deposition technology with the aim of enhancing its corrosion resistance and bioactivity. The chemical conversion coatings, which are formed through the reaction between the substrate and the environment, have attracted increasing attention owing to the relative low treatment temperature, favorable bonding to substrate and simple implementation process. 2. With the increasing of hydroxyapatite (HA) content, the crack width in the composite coatings and the thickness of the coatings exhibit obviously decreased. The reason is probably that when adding HA into the phytic acid solution, the amount of active hydroxyl groups in the phytic acid are reduced via forming the coordination bond between P-OH groups from phytic acid and P-OH groups from the surface of HA, thus decreasing the coating thickness and hydrogen formation, as well as avoiding coating cracking. 3. By adjusting the HA content to 45 wt.%, a dense and relatively smooth composite coating with ~1.4 μm thickness is obtained on magnesium alloy, and exhibits high corrosion resistance and good bioactivity when compared with the single phytic acid conversion coating.
Topics: Absorbable Implants; Alloys; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Corrosion; Durapatite; Magnesium Compounds; Materials Testing; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phytic Acid; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Surface Properties
PubMed: 28424946
DOI: 10.1007/s10856-017-5876-9 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Jul 2018Polyamines are essentially involved in cell division and differentiation. Transport of polyamines is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent, while phytic acid is the...
BACKGROUND
Polyamines are essentially involved in cell division and differentiation. Transport of polyamines is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent, while phytic acid is the major reserve of phosphate essential to the energy-producing machinery of cells. Thus polyamines might enhance phytic acid degradation during mung bean germination. In this study, different polyamines (putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)) and dicyclohexylamine (DCHA, an inhibitor of Spd synthesis) were applied to investigate the function of polyamines on phytic acid degradation.
RESULTS
Spd exhibited the best effect at the same concentration. Simultaneously, exogenous Spd improved sprout growth and enhanced the accumulation of gibberellin acid 3 (GA ), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinin (CTK). This must be due to the increased endogenous polyamine contents. Apart from dramatically reducing phytic acid content, Spd resulted in the up-regulation of PA, PAP, MIPP and ALP transcript levels and the enhancement of phytase and acid phosphatase activities. However, DCHA application caused the opposite results, because it decreased endogenous polyamine contents. Furthermore, Spd alleviated the DCHA-induced inhibitory effect to some extent.
CONCLUSION
Overall, polyamines, especially Spd, could accelerate phytic acid degradation in mung bean sprouts by inducing the synthesis of endogenous polyamines and phytohormones and enhancing the growth of sprouts. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Cyclohexylamines; Energy Metabolism; Germination; Phytic Acid; Plant Growth Regulators; Polyamines; Putrescine; Seedlings; Seeds; Spermidine; Spermine; Vigna
PubMed: 29239473
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8833