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Biotechnology Advances 2020Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K2, also called menaquinone, is an essential lipid-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in blood clotting and prevention of osteoporosis. It has become a focus of research in recent years and has been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This review will briefly introduce the functions and applications of vitamin K2 first, after which the biosynthesis pathways and enzymes will be analyzed in-depth to highlight the bottlenecks facing the microbial vitamin K2 production on the industrial scale. Then, various strategies, including strain mutagenesis and genetic modification, different cultivation modes, fermentation and separation processes, will be summarized and discussed. The future prospects and perspectives of microbial menaquinone production will also be discussed finally.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Drug Industry; Fermentation; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 31629792
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107453 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2016Vitamin K is a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which catalyzes the posttranslational conversion of specific glutamyl residues to γ-carboxyglutamyl residues in a... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K is a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which catalyzes the posttranslational conversion of specific glutamyl residues to γ-carboxyglutamyl residues in a variety of vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) involved in blood coagulation, bone and cartilage metabolism, signal transduction, and cell proliferation. Despite the great advances in the genetic, structural, and functional studies of VKDPs as well as the enzymes identified as part of the vitamin K cycle which enable it to be repeatedly recycled within the cells, little is known of the identity and roles of key regulators of vitamin K metabolism in mammals and humans. This review focuses on new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption and in vivo tissue conversion of vitamin K1 to menaquinone-4 (MK-4) with special emphasis on two major advances in the studies of intestinal vitamin K transporters in enterocytes and a tissue MK-4 biosynthetic enzyme UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1), which participates in the in vivo conversion of a fraction of dietary vitamin K1 to MK-4 in mammals and humans, although it remains uncertain whether UBIAD1 functions as a key regulator of intracellular cholesterol metabolism, bladder and prostate tumor cell progression, vascular integrity, and protection from oxidative stress.
Topics: Animals; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cholesterol; Dimethylallyltranstransferase; Enterocytes; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Mice; Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress; Vitamin K; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 27477733
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00014 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Apr 2023Faeces Bombycis (silkworm excrement, called Cansha in Chinese), is the dried faeces of the larvae of silkworm. According to the theories of traditional Chinese medicine...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Faeces Bombycis (silkworm excrement, called Cansha in Chinese), is the dried faeces of the larvae of silkworm. According to the theories of traditional Chinese medicine recorded in "Compendium of Materia Medica", Faeces Bombycis has often been prescribed in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of recurrent headache, rheumatalgia, rubella and itching et al. However, the bioactive components and their exact mechanisms underlying the pain-relieving effects remain to be revealed.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of Faeces Bombycis extract (FBE) on migraine, explore the main active constituents and investigate the pharmacological mechanisms for its pain relief.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The bioactivity of different extracts from Faeces Bombycis was tracked by the nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine model on rats and identified by NMR spectroscopic data. Whole-cell patch clamp technique, an electrophysiological method, was used to screen the potential targets and study the mechanism of action for the bioactive compound. The following targets have been screened and studied, including Nav1.7 sodium channels, Nav1.8 sodium channels, TRPV1 channels and TRPA1 channels. The trigeminal ganglion neurons were further used to study the effects of the identified compound on neuronal excitability.
RESULTS
By testing the bioactivity of the different extracts proceedingly, fraction petroleum ether showed higher anti-migraine activity. Through further step-by-step isolations, 7 compounds were isolated. Among them, phytol was identified with the highest yield and displayed a potent anti-migraine effect. By screening the potential ion channel targets for migraine, phytol was found to preferentially block the inactivated state of Nav1.7 sodium channels with half-inhibition concentration 0.32 ± 0.05 μM. Thus, the effects of phytol on the biophysical properties of Nav1.7 sodium channels were further characterized. Phytol induced a hyperpolarizing shift of voltage-dependent inactivation and slowed the recovery from inactivation. The affinity of phytol became weaker in the inactivation-deficient Nav1.7 channels (Nav1.7-WCW). And such an effect was independent on the local anesthetic site (Nav1.7 F1737A). Consistent with the data from recombinant channels, the compound also displayed state-dependent inhibition on neuronal sodium channels and further decreased the neuronal excitability in trigeminal ganglion neurons. Moreover, besides Nav1.7 channel, phytol also antagonized the activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels at micromolar concentrations with a weaker affinity.
CONCLUSION
Our results demonstrated that phytol is the major anti-migraine ingredient of Faeces Bombycis and alleviates migraine behaviors by acting on Nav1.7 sodium channels in the trigeminal ganglion neurons. This study provided evidences for the therapeutic application of Faeces Bombycis and phytol on migraine disease.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Phytol; Sodium Channel Blockers; Pain; Sodium Channels; Neurons
PubMed: 36646158
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116161 -
Calcified Tissue International Feb 2023Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key... (Review)
Review
Vitamin K, a cofactor for the γ-glutamyl carboxylase enzyme, is required for the post-translational activation of osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein, which play a key role in bone and muscle homeostasis. In vivo and in vitro models for osteoporosis and sarcopenia suggest the vitamin K could exert a positive effect in both conditions. In bone, it increases osteoblastogenesis, whilst decreases osteoclast formation and function. In muscle, it is associated with increased satellite cell proliferation and migration and might play a role in energy metabolism. Observational trials suggest that high levels of vitamin K are associated with increased bone mineral density and reduced fracture risk. However, interventional studies for vitamin K supplementation yielded conflicting results. Clinical trials in sarcopenia suggest that vitamin K supplementation could improve muscle mass and function. One of the main limitations on the vitamin K studies are the technical challenges to measure its levels in serum. Thus, they are obtained from indirect sources like food questionnaires, or levels of undercarboxylated proteins, which can be affected by other environmental or biological processes. Although current research appoints to a beneficial effect of vitamin K in bone and muscle, further studies overcoming the current limitations are required in order to incorporate this supplementation in the clinical management of patients with osteosarcopenia.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin K; Bone Density; Sarcopenia; Bone and Bones; Osteocalcin; Muscles
PubMed: 35150288
DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-00955-3 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022In this study, the phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated. Total protein, phenol, flavonoid, saponin...
In this study, the phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated. Total protein, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and condensed tannin contents were determined for phytochemical analysis. In addition, GC-MS and HPLC analyzes were carried out for the determination of the active components of the extract. In determining the multi-biological activities, radical scavenging, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities of the extract were investigated. GC-MS analysis revealed that the leaf extract of A. lividus contains phytol and β-sitosterol as major compounds and the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, vanillin and kaemferol compounds were determined with HPLC analysis. The radical scavenging effect of A. lividus extract was determined as 75.6% against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 85.2% against superoxide. In anti-bacterial studies, it was determined that A.lividus extract formed different inhibition zones against all tested bacteria. The highest inhibition zone was 14.3 ± 0.7 mm against Bacillus subtilis. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of the extract was demonstrated by molecular docking studies of the binding of gallic acid and phytol to aquaporin and arginase enzyme of bacteria, and the mechanism of anti-microbial activity was explained. A. lividus extract, which provided a 68.59-33.13% reduction in the formation of chromosomal aberrations such as unequal distribution of chromatin, micronucleus formation, fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and vagrant chromosome, exhibited a strong anti-mutagenic effect. A. lividus extract has a reducing effect on the number of dividing cells and exhibits an anti-proliferative effect of 25.7% compared to the control group. The antiproliferative mechanism of action was investigated by molecular docking and it was determined that the gallic acid and phytol in the extract decreased proliferation by interacting with telomerase. As a result, A.lividus extract consumed as food is a potential natural anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative source with its rich phytochemical content.
Topics: Amaranthus; Antioxidants; Bacteria; Gallic Acid; Molecular Docking Simulation; Phytochemicals; Phytol; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 35279686
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08421-8 -
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 2022As a common systemically muscular-skeleton disorder of aging, osteoporosisis is characterized by the uninterrupted deconstruction in osseous microarchitecture.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
As a common systemically muscular-skeleton disorder of aging, osteoporosisis is characterized by the uninterrupted deconstruction in osseous microarchitecture. Osteoporosis can consequently lead to a significantly high risk of osteoporotic fractures, such as Osteoporotic Vertebral Compressive Fractures [OVCF] in the spine and osteoporotic femoral neck fractures in the hip joint, which can significantly increase the numbers of mortality and morbidity in elderly people, especially in postmenopausal women.
METHODS
In addition, vitamin K has been demonstrated to play a key role in inhibiting osteoporotic fractures among postmenopausal women, but its long-term benefits, potential harms, and side effects of the combination between vitamin K and other anti-osteoporosis medicines, such as bisphosphonates or teriparatide still remain to be extensively studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to systematically reviewed previously published literature on the role of vitamin K in the treatment of osteoporosis. We currently, via multiple query strategies, searched the relevant literature in Cochrane and PubMed from January 2010 to December 2019.
RESULTS
Subsequently, we conducted the systematic review according to the standard guideline of Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses [PRISMA].
CONCLUSION
Finally, ten relevant studies met our current criteria for inclusion; subsequently, we followed the PRISMA guideline, then systematically reviewed each study by categorizing the data sources and analytical approaches in each study, while setting up variables and defining each study's outcomes.
Topics: Aged; Bone Density; Female; Humans; Osteoporosis; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Postmenopause; Vitamin K
PubMed: 33982655
DOI: 10.2174/1574888X16666210512020103 -
Surgery Oct 2019
Topics: Anticoagulants; Humans; Vitamin K
PubMed: 31439399
DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.04.065 -
Chemosphere Jun 2017Phytol (PYT) is a diterpenoid having important biological activity. However, it is a water non-soluble compound. This study aims to prepare PYT nanoemulsion (PNE) and...
Phytol (PYT) is a diterpenoid having important biological activity. However, it is a water non-soluble compound. This study aims to prepare PYT nanoemulsion (PNE) and evaluation of toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic activities of PYT and PNE. For this, the PNE was prepared by the phase inversion method. The cytotoxicity test was performed in Artemia salina, while toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Allium cepa at concentrations of 2, 4, 8 and 16 mM. Potassium dichromate and copper sulfate were used as positive controls for the tests of A. salina and A. cepa, respectively. In addition, an adaptation response was detected in A. cepa by using the comet assay. The results suggest that both PYT and PNE exhibited toxic and cytotoxic effects at 4-16 mM in either test system, while genotoxicity at 2-16 mM in A. cepa. PNE exhibited more toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects at 8 and 16 mM than the PYT. However, both PYT and PNE at 2 and 4 mM decreased the index and frequency of damage in A. cepa after 48 and 72 h, suggesting a possible adaptation response or DNA damage preventing capacity. Nanoemulsified PYT (PNE) may readily cross the biological membranes with an increase in bioavailability and produce more toxic, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the used test systems.
Topics: Animals; Artemia; Comet Assay; DNA Damage; Emulsions; Nanoparticles; Onions; Phytol
PubMed: 28284120
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.145 -
Haematologica Aug 2020
Topics: Blood Coagulation Factors; Vitamin K; Warfarin
PubMed: 32739888
DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.253690 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Herbal products have been used in traditional systems of medicine and by ethnic healers for ages to treat various diseases. Currently, it is estimated that about 80% of... (Review)
Review
Herbal products have been used in traditional systems of medicine and by ethnic healers for ages to treat various diseases. Currently, it is estimated that about 80% of people worldwide use herbal traditional medicines against various ailments, partly due to easy accessibility and low cost, and the lower side effects they pose. , a herb ranging from the Himalayas to the foothills, including the north-eastern states of India, has traditionally been used as a remedy against various diseases, most prominently kidney stones. The medicinal properties of have been attributed to bergenin, its most potent bioactive component. Apart from bergenin, the other compounds available in are arbutin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, catechin, ferulic acid, afzelechin, paashaanolactone, caryophyllene, 1,8-cineole, β-eudesmol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, parasorbic acid, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, phytol, terpinen-4-ol, tannic acid, isovalaric acid, avicularin, quercetin, reynoutrin, and sitoinoside I. This review summarizes various medicinal properties of the herb, along with providing deep insight into its bioactive molecules and their potential roles in the amelioration of human ailments. Additionally, the possible mechanism(s) of action of the herb's anti-urolithiatic, antioxidative, antipyretic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties are discussed. This comprehensive documentation will help researchers to better understand the medicinal uses of the herb. Further studies on can lead to the discovery of new drug(s) and therapeutics for various ailments.
Topics: Humans; Quercetin; Arbutin; Chlorogenic Acid; Catechin; Antipyretics; Stigmasterol; Eucalyptol; Saxifragaceae; Plants, Medicinal; Plant Extracts; Gallic Acid; Tannins; Phytol
PubMed: 36296631
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207039