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International Journal of Gynaecology... Jun 2016Although pica has long been associated with pregnancy, the exact prevalence in this population remains unknown. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Although pica has long been associated with pregnancy, the exact prevalence in this population remains unknown.
OBJECTIVES
To estimate the prevalence of pica during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and to explain variations in prevalence estimates by examining potential moderating variables.
SEARCH STRATEGY
PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to February 2014 using the keywords pica, prevalence, and epidemiology.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Articles estimating pica prevalence during pregnancy and/or the postpartum period using a self-report questionnaire or interview were included.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Study characteristics, pica prevalence, and eight potential moderating variables were recorded (parity, anemia, duration of pregnancy, mean maternal age, education, sampling method employed, region, and publication date). Random-effects models were employed.
MAIN RESULTS
In total, 70 studies were included, producing an aggregate prevalence estimate of 27.8% (95% confidence interval 22.8-33.3). In light of substantial heterogeneity within the study model, the primary focus was identifying moderator variables. Pica prevalence was higher in Africa compared with elsewhere in the world, increased as the prevalence of anemia increased, and decreased as educational attainment increased.
CONCLUSIONS
Geographical region, anemia, and education were found to moderate pica prevalence, partially explaining the heterogeneity in prevalence estimates across the literature.
Topics: Anemia; Female; Global Health; Humans; Maternal Age; Parity; Pica; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26892693
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.10.012 -
International Journal of Medical... 2020The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), with its unique anatomical complexity, is of great clinical importance and involved in many diseases including aneurysm,... (Review)
Review
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), with its unique anatomical complexity, is of great clinical importance and involved in many diseases including aneurysm, ischemic stroke, neurovascular compression syndrome (NVCS), arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and brain tumor. However, a comprehensive systematic review of the importance of the PICA is currently lacking. In this study, we perform a literature review of PICA by searching all the associated papers in the PUBMED database hoping to provide a better understanding of the artery. The PICA has tortuous and variable course and territory, divided into 5 segments. Various aneurysms involving PICA were not uncommon, of which the treatment is challenging. The PICA infarct typically manifests lateral medullary syndrome (LMS) and is more likely to cause mass effects. The PICA frequently compresses the medulla and the cranial nerves resulting in various neurovascular compression syndromes (NVCS). Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) fed by PICA are associated with aneurysm and dissection which have high risk of rupture and worse outcome. PICA injured by head trauma can cause fatal SAH. VA terminating in PICA probably cause Bow hunter's syndrome (BHS). The PICA supplies many brain tumors and can be used in intracerebellar chemotherapy. The PICA can be exposed and injured during surgeries especially in telovelar approach, and it also plays an important role in bypass surgeries, hinting the surgical importance of PICA. In conclusion, PICA is very important in clinical practice.
Topics: Anatomic Variation; Brain Neoplasms; Cerebellum; Humans; Intracranial Aneurysm; Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations; Ischemic Stroke; Nerve Compression Syndromes; Vertebral Artery
PubMed: 33173421
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.49137 -
Current Pediatric Reviews 2019Pica is a common condition in childhood that is commonly missed. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pica is a common condition in childhood that is commonly missed.
OBJECTIVE
To familiarize physicians with the clinical evaluation and management of children with pica.
METHODS
A PubMed search was completed in Clinical Queries using the key term "pica" OR "dirteating". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews. Only papers published in English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article.
RESULTS
Pica refers to the persistent, compulsive craving for and the ingestion of substances usually considered inedible and the behavior is discordant with cultural practices and continues beyond the normal developmental phase of occasional indiscriminate and experimental mouthing and swallowing over a period of at least one month. The condition is more common among children in lower socioeconomic classes and those who are mentally handicapped or emotionally deprived. Pica is a significant cause of anemia and lead poisoning. Pica generally resolves in children of normal intelligence after they have been trained to discriminate between edible and inedible items and proper supervision is provided. While relief of family economic and housing difficulties is an adjunct, attention to the individual's emotional needs and stresses is of paramount importance. Children with iron deficiency anemia should be treated with iron replacement therapy. Complications such as gastrointestinal obstruction and lead poisoning should be promptly recognized and treated.
CONCLUSION
Pica is often an overlooked phenomenon and its association with iron deficiency and lead poisoning has been known for centuries. The underlying cause and complications should be treated if possible. Primary care physicians should be aware of pica and proactively seek information about pica in patients that belong to the high-risk groups.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Animals; Child; Disease Management; Global Health; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Lead Poisoning; Malnutrition; Morbidity; Pica; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30868957
DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190313163530 -
Drug Testing and Analysis Jan 2020According to the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), there were 179 different synthetic cannabinoids reported as of 2017. In the USA,...
According to the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), there were 179 different synthetic cannabinoids reported as of 2017. In the USA, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, or 5F-ADB, accounted for 28% of cannabinoid seizures 2016-2018. The synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-MDMB-PICA, is structurally similar to 5F-MDMB-PINACA with an indole group replacing the indazole. Limited data exist from in vivo or in vitro metabolic studies of these synthetic cannabinoids, so potential metabolites to identify use may be missed. The goals of this study were to (a) investigate 5F-MDMB-PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA in vitro metabolism utilizing human hepatocytes; (b) to verify in vitro metabolites by analyzing authentic case specimens; and (c) to identify the potency and efficacy of 5F-MDMB-PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA by examining activity at the CB receptor. Biotransformations found in this study included phase I transformations and phase II transformations. A total of 22 5F-MDMB-PICA metabolites (A1 to A22) were identified. From hepatocyte incubations and urine samples, 21 metabolites (B1 to B21) were identified with 3 compounds unique to urine specimens for 5F-MDMB-PINACA. Phase II glucuronides were identified in 5F-MDMB-PICA (n = 3) and 5F-MDMB-PINACA (n = 5). For both compounds, ester hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis in combination with oxidative defluorination were the most prevalent metabolites produced in vitro. Additionally, the conversion of ester hydrolysis with oxidative defluorination to pentanoic acid for the first time was identified for 5F-MDMB-PICA. Therefore, these metabolites would be potentially good biomarkers for screening urine of suspected intoxication of 5F-MDMB-PICA or 5F-MDMB-PINACA. Both 5F-MDMB-PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA were acting as full agonists at the CB receptor with higher efficacy and similar potency as JWH-018.
Topics: Cannabinoids; Cell Line; Designer Drugs; Halogenation; Hepatocytes; Humans; Hydrolysis; Indazoles; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidation-Reduction; Psychotropic Drugs; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
PubMed: 31461219
DOI: 10.1002/dta.2688 -
Nefrologia 2019Pica is an individual entity in the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which phenomenon has not been widely studied despite the high reported prevalence.... (Review)
Review
Pica is an individual entity in the patient with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which phenomenon has not been widely studied despite the high reported prevalence. Moreover, pica complications (anemia, altered electrolytes, poor absorption of micro and macronutrients and malnutrition) could be exacerbated in CKD and limit the quality of renal replacement therapy. The intake of non-caloric and non-nutritional substances could be harmful and cause effects on satiety and metabolic / electrolyte imbalance and modify the biocompatibility of micronutrients, toxins and pathogens worsening health status. In daily practice, pica could be under-reported because patient's shame to recognize it, or fear that such behavior influences their treatment. Additionally, clinicians who not investigate the presence of pica or its complications contribute to the lack of information about the magnitude and relevance of this problem in CKD.
Topics: Anemia; Child; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Micronutrients; Nutrition Disorders; Pica; Poisoning; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 30360922
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2018.08.001 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jan 2024As a traditional Chinese anti-emetic formula, Xiao-Ban-Xia decoction (XBXD) was recorded in Golden Chamber, and has promising anti-emetic effect on chemotherapy-induced...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
As a traditional Chinese anti-emetic formula, Xiao-Ban-Xia decoction (XBXD) was recorded in Golden Chamber, and has promising anti-emetic effect on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).
AIM OF THE STUDY
This study aimed to determine whether the underlying mechanism of XBXD against CINV is correlated to the restoration of cisplatin-induced PINK1/Parkin mediated mitophagy deficiency and mitigation of gastrointestinal inflammation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The rat pica model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin 6 mg/kg. The daily kaolin consumption, food intake and body weight were recorded every 24 h. The pathological damage of gastric antrum and ileum were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The levels of serum reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-1β (IL-18) were detected by ELISA. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in gastric antrum and ileum was detected by Immunofluorescence staining. The levels of LC3II, P62/SQSTM1, PTEN-induced putative protein kinases (PINK1), E3 ubiquitin ligase (Parkin), AMP-dependent protein kinases (AMPK), phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and kelch like ECH Associated Protein 1 (Keap1) in gastric antrum and ileum were assayed by western blotting.
RESULTS
At 24 h and 72 h following cisplatin challenge, XBXD inhibited cisplatin-induced elevation of kaolin consumption, and improved the daily food intake and body weight loss in rats. Cisplatin-induced gastrointestinal histopathological damages were alleviated, and serum levels of ROS, IL-1β and IL-18 increases were mitigated following XBXD treatments. In gastric antrum and ileum, XBXD activated AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway and restored cisplatin-induced PINK1/Parkin mediated mitophagy deficiency.
CONCLUSIONS
XBXD significantly ameliorated CINV in a cisplatin-induced rat pica model. The underlying anti-emetic mechanism of XBXD might be related to the activation of AMPK-Nrf2 signaling pathway and the restoration of cisplatin-induced PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy deficiency in the gastrointestinal tract.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Mitophagy; Cisplatin; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Interleukin-18; Interleukin-1beta; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Antiemetics; Kaolin; Pica; Pinellia; Reactive Oxygen Species; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Vomiting
PubMed: 37422100
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116882 -
Social Work in Public Health Jun 2020Pica is simply defined as the consumption of none food products such as laundry starch, clay dirt, ice, soap, and chalk. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental... (Review)
Review
Pica is simply defined as the consumption of none food products such as laundry starch, clay dirt, ice, soap, and chalk. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) classifies Pica as the habitual consumption of nonfood and non-nutritive substances for at least one year. Pica disorder is usually unnoticed, under-reported, causes serious harm to clients especially African American women, and seldom discussed in social work scholarship. It is, therefore, important to begin to sensitize social workers to the harmful effects of Pica, especially because it is often unrecognized and misdiagnoses can cause harm. This article provides a panoramic overview of Pica, the signs and symptoms of the disorder specifically among African American women and also address some of the adverse effects, and highlights some of the evidence-based effective treatment strategies. Finally, an urgent clarion call to social workers to conduct more research on Pica disorders among African American women is articulated.
Topics: Black or African American; Female; Humans; Pica
PubMed: 32660362
DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2020.1791778 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Aug 2016The aim of this study was to characterize pica behavior in cats.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to characterize pica behavior in cats.
METHODS
Cat owners were recruited to participate in a questionnaire survey on pica behavior exhibited by their cats. Emphasis was put on the type of item ingested. Questions on early history and environment, as well as general health and gastrointestinal signs, were asked. Owners of healthy cats not showing pica were also recruited into a control group. Associations between variables and groups were statistically tested.
RESULTS
Pica was directed most commonly at shoelaces or threads, followed by plastic, fabric, other items, rubber, paper or cardboard and wood. Some cats ingested specific items but only chewed others. A significant positive association was found between sucking and ingesting fabric (P = 0.002). Ad libitum feeding was significantly lower in the pica group than the control group (P = 0.01). Prevalence of self-sucking behavior was significantly higher in the pica group than the control group (P = 0.001). Cats with pica vomited significantly more often than control cats (P = 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Pica, the ingestion of inedible items, does not seem to be the consequence of a suboptimal environment or early weaning. Cats with pica were less commonly fed ad libitum than healthy cats. As frequently reported, pica and vomiting were related, but the causative association is not well established and thus warrants further investigation.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cat Diseases; Cats; Female; Male; Mastication; Pets; Pica; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vomiting
PubMed: 26088566
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X15591589 -
Transfusion Medicine (Oxford, England) Aug 2022Frequent blood donors who contribute multiple times annually are important for maintaining an adequate blood supply. However, repeated donations exacerbate iron...
BACKGROUND
Frequent blood donors who contribute multiple times annually are important for maintaining an adequate blood supply. However, repeated donations exacerbate iron deficiency, which can lead to pica, a condition characterised as repeated eating or chewing of a non-nutritious substance such as ice, clay and dirt. Understanding characteristics of frequent donors that are associated with increased risk for developing pica will help to identify them and prevent this adverse consequence of blood donation.
METHODS
Demographic, clinical, haematological, and biochemical factors associated with pica were investigated using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis in a cohort of 1693 high-intensity donors who gave nine or more units of whole blood in the preceding 2 years. Pica was classified by questionnaire responses as consuming at least 8 oz of ice daily and/or consumption of non-ice substances regardless of the amount and frequency.
RESULTS
Pica was present in 1.5% of the high-intensity donors, and only occurred in those with ferritin <50 ng/ml. Of 16 candidate variables, only haematocrit (OR = 0.835, p = 0.020) was independently associated with pica. Although severe iron deficiency was more prevalent in high-intensity donors, pica behaviours were less prevalent than in less frequent donors (2.2%).
CONCLUSION
We have uncovered predictors of pica in high-intensity donors, which further emphasises the need to continue to implement iron replacement programs to reduce the prevalence of pica and maintain a robust pool of frequent donors.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Blood Donors; Ferritins; Humans; Iron Deficiencies; Pica; Prevalence
PubMed: 35750589
DOI: 10.1111/tme.12890 -
International Journal of Medical... 2016Among the variations of vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms (VDAs), VDAs involving the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), especially ruptured and high-risk... (Review)
Review
Among the variations of vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms (VDAs), VDAs involving the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), especially ruptured and high-risk unruptured aneurysms, are the most difficult to treat. Because the PICA is an important structure, serious symptoms may occur after its occlusion. Retained PICAs are prone to re-bleeding because VDAs are difficult to completely occlude. There is therefore confusion regarding the appropriate treatment for VDAs involving the PICA. Here, we used the PubMed database to review recent research concerning VDAs that involve the PICA, and we found that treatments for VDAs involving the PICA include (i) endovascular treatment involving the reconstruction of blood vessels and blood flow, (ii) occluding the aneurysm using an internal coil trapping or an assisted bypass, (iii) inducing reversed blood flow by occluding the proximal VDA or forming an assisted bypass, or (iv) the reconstruction of blood flow via a craniotomy. Although the above methods effectively treat VDAs involving the PICA, each method is associated with both a high degree of risk and specific advantages and disadvantages. The core problem when treating VDAs involving the PICA is to retain the PICA while occluding the aneurysm. Therefore, the method is generally selected on a case-by-case basis according to the characteristics of the aneurysm. In this study, we summarize the various current methods that are used to treat VDAs involving the PICA and provide schematic diagrams as our conclusion. Because there is no special field of research concerning VDAs involving the PICA, these cases are hidden within many multiple-cases studies. Therefore, this study does not review all relevant documents and may have some limitations. Thus, we have focused on the mainstream treatments for VDAs that involve the PICA.
Topics: Cerebral Arteries; Cerebral Revascularization; Embolization, Therapeutic; Humans; Vertebral Artery Dissection
PubMed: 27429591
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.15233