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Forensic Toxicology Jan 2022The purpose of the current study was to evaluate an analytical characterization of a novel synthetic cannabinoid...
PURPOSE
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate an analytical characterization of a novel synthetic cannabinoid ethyl-2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate (5F-EDMB-PICA), which has a similar chemical structure to the controlled synthetic cannabinoid 5F-MDMB-PICA.
METHODS
The compound was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), supercritical fluid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (SFC-QTOF-MS) and spectroscopic methods, such as attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies.
RESULTS
In this study, we reported a comprehensive analytical data of 5F-EDMB-PICA. The data of analytical characterization for the 5F-EDMB-PICA were obtained by GC-MS, SFC-QTOF-MS, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and H and C NMR spectroscopy.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we presented a comprehensive analytical characterization of 5F-EDMB-PICA obtained by H NMR, C NMR, GC-MS, SFC-QTOF-MS, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The analytical data of 5F-EDMB-PICA are very useful for forensic, toxicological, and clinical diagnosis.
Topics: Indoles; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Forensic Toxicology; Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid; Cannabinoids
PubMed: 36454500
DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00605-7 -
Operative Neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Aug 2021Dissecting fusiform posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms are rare and challenging.1,2 One common treatment is occlusion of the aneurysm and parent...
Dissecting fusiform posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms are rare and challenging.1,2 One common treatment is occlusion of the aneurysm and parent artery via an endovascular approach without revascularization.3 Revascularization of the artery requires an open microsurgical bypass or endovascular placement of a newer-generation flow diverter.4 We present an end-to-side reanastomosis of the PICA for treatment of a dissecting fusiform left PICA aneurysm with anatomy deemed unfavorable for endovascular treatment in a 62-yr-old man with subarachnoid hemorrhage. After discussions regarding risks, benefits, and alternatives to the procedure, the family consented to surgical treatment. A far-lateral craniotomy was performed, with partial condylectomy to widen the exposure. The cisterna magna was opened, and the dentate ligament was cut to visualize the vertebral artery. The PICA was identified and traced distally to the aneurysmal segment, which was circumferentially diseased. Perforators were noted immediately distal to the aneurysm. The aneurysm was then trapped, and the afferent artery was transected and brought to the sidewall of the distal artery. The recipient site was trapped with temporary clips, and a linear arteriotomy was made. An end-to-side reanastomosis was performed, temporary clips were removed, and hemostasis was achieved. Postoperative angiography confirmed bypass patency and preservation of the PICA perforators. Conventional reanastomosis of the parent artery after aneurysm excision is achieved by end-to-end reanastomosis. In contrast, we performed an unconventional end-to-side reanastomosis to revascularize the PICA while leaving the efferent artery in situ to protect its medullary perforators. This bypass is an example of a fourth-generation bypass.5,6 Used with permission from the Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
PubMed: 33930170
DOI: 10.1093/ons/opab123 -
Characteristics of Pica Behavior among Mothers around Lake Victoria, Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study.International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2019: Pica, the craving and purposeful consumption of nonfoods, is poorly understood. We described the prevalence of pica among women on Mfangano Island, Kenya, and examined...
: Pica, the craving and purposeful consumption of nonfoods, is poorly understood. We described the prevalence of pica among women on Mfangano Island, Kenya, and examined sociodemographic and health correlates. : Our cross-sectional study included 299 pregnant or postpartum women in 2012. We used a 24-h recall to assess pica, defined as consumption of earth (geophagy), charcoal/ash, or raw starches (amylophagy) and built multivariable logistic regression models to examine sociodemographic and health correlates of pica. : Eighty-one women (27.1%) engaged in pica in the previous 24 h, with 59.3% reporting amylophagy and 56.8% reporting geophagy, charcoal, and/or ash consumption. The most common substances consumed were raw cassava ( = 30, 36.6%), odowa, a chalky, soft rock-like earth ( = 21, 25.6%), and soil ( = 17, 20.7%). Geophagy, charcoal, and/or ash consumption was negatively associated with breastfeeding (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.81), and amylophagy was associated with pregnancy (OR = 4.31, 95% CI: 1.24-14.96). Pica was more common within one of six study regions (OR = 3.64, 95% CI: 1.39-9.51). We found no evidence of an association between food insecurity and pica. : Pica was a common behavior among women, and the prevalence underscores the need to uncover its dietary, environmental, and cultural etiologies.
Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Charcoal; Craving; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Kenya; Lakes; Mothers; Pica; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Prevalence; Starch; Young Adult
PubMed: 31337101
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142510 -
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis Dec 2015Problem behavior exhibited by individuals with autism can be disruptive to family traditions, such as decorating for the holidays. We present data for a 6-year-old girl...
Problem behavior exhibited by individuals with autism can be disruptive to family traditions, such as decorating for the holidays. We present data for a 6-year-old girl who engaged in automatically reinforced pica and destruction of holiday decorations. Treatment was evaluated within an ABCDCD reversal design. During baseline (Phases A and B), we observed elevated rates of problem behavior. We implemented differential reinforcement of alternative behavior in Phase C to teach a response to compete with problem behavior. Little change in toy play or problem behavior occurred. In Phase D, we added a facial screen to the differential reinforcement procedures, which resulted in increases in toy play and decreases in problem behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of how interventions for problem behavior can promote alternative behavior while they facilitate household activities and traditions.
Topics: Aggression; Autistic Disorder; Behavior Therapy; Child; Facial Expression; Female; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Pica; Reinforcement, Psychology; Social Behavior; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26380947
DOI: 10.1002/jaba.255 -
Operative Neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.) Sep 2020The anatomic features of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICAs) and the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICAs) as offending arteries involved in...
BACKGROUND
The anatomic features of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries (PICAs) and the anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICAs) as offending arteries involved in glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) are important to dictate the best surgical approach.
OBJECTIVE
To study and classify the anatomic features of the offending arteries.
METHODS
All clinical data and surgical videos from 18 GPN cases that were surgically treated during the past 10 yr were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS
Among these 18 patients, the offending arteries involved were the PICA in 12 (66.7%), AICA in 4 (22.2%), and both PICA and AICA in 2 (11.1%). The PICA were then classified into the following groups based on their anatomic features: type I: the PICA formed an upward loop at the level of the glossopharyngeal nerve and passed between the glossopharyngeal and vestibulocochlear nerves; type II: the PICA formed an upward loop at the level of the glossopharyngeal nerve and passed between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves or between the rootlets of the vagus nerve; and type III: the PICA passed between the glossopharyngeal and vestibulocochlear nerves without forming a loop. The AICA had only one running pattern.
CONCLUSION
The offending arteries involved in GPN, mainly the PICA and/or AICA, were classified into 4 different types based on their anatomic features.
Topics: Glossopharyngeal Nerve; Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Vertebral Artery; Vestibulocochlear Nerve
PubMed: 31960063
DOI: 10.1093/ons/opz425 -
Physiology & Behavior Aug 2017Pica is an increased appetite/craving for food or non-food substances like clay, and chalk, and is strongly associated with iron deficiency (ID) anemia. This study...
BACKGROUND
Pica is an increased appetite/craving for food or non-food substances like clay, and chalk, and is strongly associated with iron deficiency (ID) anemia. This study assessed pica practices among non-pregnant mothers and their children, 12-to-59 months, in an anaemia endemic population in Ghana.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted in two randomly selected districts in Northern Ghana. The researchers developed semi-structured questionnaires with components on pica practice, history and experiences and administered via structured face-to-face interviews with mothers (N=161) and all their children 6-59 months. Of this population, 132 mothers had children 12-to-59 months (N=139) in April 2012. Pica practice among children was reported by their mothers. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23.0.
RESULTS
Few mothers (3%) spontaneously reported pica (for uncommon food and/or non-food substances) at the time of the interview, however, 16 (12.1%) mothers with pica were confirmed after further probing. Twelve (8.6%) children were reported to have ingested/craved clay/soil/dust (11 / 91.7 %), paper (1 / 7.1%) and chalk (1/7.1%) prior to the interview. One child had poly-pica (pica for two substance). Pica was reported to have been practised by expecting mothers during 37 (26.6%) of the pregnancies of the children involved in the study, and was mostly for clay/soil (33 / 89.1%), kola nut (5 / 3.6%), uncooked rice and bambara beans. Children's pica practices were significantly associated (χ=6.33; p=0.011) with their mothers' pica practices during pregnancy as well as with mothers' pica practices at the time of the study (χ=5.98; p=0.035). A logistic regression analysis seemed to show that pica of the mother during pregnancy was more strongly associated with the child's pica than later pica behaviour of the mother. Many myths and misconceptions associated with the practice of pica were also reported in these communities.
CONCLUSIONS
The reported pica practice among mothers and their children was lower than what has been observed in other studies. Knowledge and perceptions regarding pica were mostly inaccurate. Education on pica and associated dangers of its practices should be included in nutrition interventions in communities with known high anemia prevalence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Ghana; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Infant; Interviews as Topic; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Mothers; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 28442334
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.012 -
Asian Journal of Neurosurgery 2019Several anatomical variables critically influence therapeutic strategies for posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms and, specifically, the safety of flow... (Review)
Review
Several anatomical variables critically influence therapeutic strategies for posteroinferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms and, specifically, the safety of flow diversion for these lesions. We review the microsurgical anatomy of the PICA, discussing and detailing these considerations in the treatment of aneurysms of this vessel from a theoretical perspective and in light of our previously published clinical results.
PubMed: 31903341
DOI: 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_120_18 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Nov 2018Posterior spinal arteries (PSAs) arise from the vertebral (VA) or posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA) artery. We identified variations in their origins and their...
Posterior spinal arteries (PSAs) arise from the vertebral (VA) or posterior inferior cerebellar (PICA) artery. We identified variations in their origins and their anastomosis with the first posterior radiculomedullary branches in human spinal cords. Spinal cords from male and female cadavers (n = 30) were injected with colored latex through the vertebral, ascending cervical, costocervical trunk and segmental arteries. Specimens were fixed in formalin and the spinal arteries were dissected under a surgical microscope. PSAs arise from the PICA and from the atlantoaxial (V3) or intracranial (V4) segments of the VA. Their origins can be at V3 between the axis and the transverse processes of the atlas (V3i) or between the processes and the occipital bone (V3s). Half of our specimens exhibited a symmetrical and half an asymmetrical origin of the PSAs. A symmetrical origin from V4 was the most common configuration, identified in 30% of specimens. There was a symmetrical origin from either segment of V3 or PICA in 10%. Asymmetrical configurations were observed from V4/V3 (23.7%), V3/PICA (16.7%), V4/PICA (6.7%) and V3i/V3s (3.3%). PSAs are supplied by the posterior radiculomedullary arteries along the spinal cord. The first of these anastomoses could be located at any level between C4 and T8, though most commonly at C6-C7 or T3-T4. PSAs can originate from either the VA or the PICA in a symmetrical or asymmetrical configuration. Variations in the origin and level of the first posterior radiculomedullary anastomosis could affect surgical approaches, endovascular procedures, and the posterior spinal cord's susceptibility to ischemia. Clin. Anat. 31:1137-1143, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Cadaver; Cerebellum; Dissection; Female; Humans; Male; Spinal Cord; Vertebral Artery
PubMed: 29770500
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23213 -
Maternal & Child Nutrition Oct 2015Although pica, the craving and purposive consumption of non-food substances, is common among many populations, especially during pregnancy, the health consequences are...
Although pica, the craving and purposive consumption of non-food substances, is common among many populations, especially during pregnancy, the health consequences are not well understood. Further, very little is known about pica among Mexican populations in the United States and Mexico. Therefore, we conducted formative research to understand pica in this understudied population. Our objectives were to identify the frequency and types of pica behaviours, to understand perceived aetiologies and consequences of pica and to ascertain if the behaviour was common enough to warrant a larger study. We held nine focus group discussions (three in the Salinas Valley, California; six in Xoxocotla, Morelos, Mexico) with 76 Mexican-born women who were currently pregnant or had delivered within the past 2 years. Earth, adobe, bean stones and ice were the most commonly reported pica substances. Twenty-eight of the 76 participants (37%) reported ever engaging in pica; 22 participants (29%) reported doing so during pregnancy. The proportion of women reporting pica in the United States and Mexico was 43% and 34%, respectively. Women attributed pica to the overwhelming organoleptic appeal of pica substances (especially smell and texture) and to micronutrient deficiencies. Perceived consequences of unfulfilled pica cravings were birthmarks or fetal loss; fulfilled pica cravings were also thought to be generally harmful to the mother or child, with several women specifying toxic lead, pesticides or 'worms'. In sum, pica among Mexican women is common enough to warrant a larger epidemiologic study of its sociodemographic correlates and physiological consequences.
Topics: California; Female; Humans; Mexican Americans; Mexico; Pica; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence
PubMed: 24784797
DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12120 -
World Neurosurgery Jan 2022Occipital artery (OA)-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass is a challenging procedure and is not frequently performed owing to the difficulty of OA...
BACKGROUND
Occipital artery (OA)-posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass is a challenging procedure and is not frequently performed owing to the difficulty of OA harvest. To facilitate harvest, the intersection between the sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis (the OA triangle) is used as the anatomical landmark to identify the OA segment that carries the highest risk of damage. This clinical study aimed to demonstrate efficacy and safety of OA harvest using this landmark.
METHODS
The study included 18 patients who underwent OA harvest using the OA triangle as a landmark for treatment of vertebral artery and PICA aneurysms. Patients were retrospectively evaluated for safety and patency of OA after harvest and OA-PICA bypass.
RESULTS
Of 18 patients with ruptured and unruptured vertebral artery and PICA aneurysms, 13 (72.2%) underwent OA-PICA bypass and 5 (27.8%) did not undergo bypass. The OA was completely harvested without damage in all patients. After harvest, the OA was patent in 17 patients (94.4%) and was occluded in 1 patient owing to vasospasm; this patient then underwent recanalization resulting in good patency of the OA-PICA bypass. The patency rate of the OA-PICA bypass was 100%.
CONCLUSIONS
The OA triangle, which is the anatomical landmark of the proximal end of the transitional segment of the OA, facilitated OA harvest using the distal-to-proximal harvest technique with safety and good patency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of OA harvest in clinical cases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anatomic Landmarks; Cerebral Revascularization; Female; Humans; Intracranial Aneurysm; Male; Mastoid; Middle Aged; Paraspinal Muscles; Patient Positioning; Retrospective Studies; Sternum; Vertebral Artery; Video-Assisted Surgery
PubMed: 34673238
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.10.096