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American Family Physician Dec 2017Pigmentation disorders are commonly diagnosed, evaluated, and treated in primary care practices. Typical hyperpigmentation disorders include postinflammatory... (Review)
Review
Pigmentation disorders are commonly diagnosed, evaluated, and treated in primary care practices. Typical hyperpigmentation disorders include postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, solar lentigines, ephelides (freckles), and café au lait macules. These conditions are generally benign but can be distressing to patients. Appropriate dermatologic history, skin examination, and skin biopsy, when appropriate, can help exclude melanoma and its precursors. In addition to addressing the underlying condition, hyperpigmentation is treated with topical agents, chemical peels, cryotherapy, light or laser therapy, or a combination of these methods. Café au lait macules are treated with surgical excision or laser therapy if treatment is desired. Hypopigmentation disorders include vitiligo, pityriasis alba, tinea versicolor, and postinflammatory hypopigmentation. Treatment of vitiligo depends on the distribution and extent of skin involvement, and includes topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors, ultraviolet A therapy (with or without psoralens), narrowband ultraviolet B therapy, and cosmetic coverage. Patients with stable, self-limited vitiligo may be candidates for surgical grafting techniques, whereas those with extensive disease may be candidates for depigmentation therapy to make skin tone appear more even. Other hypopigmentation disorders may improve or resolve with treatment of the underlying condition.
Topics: Acanthosis Nigricans; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Cafe-au-Lait Spots; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Laser Therapy; Nevus; Pigmentation Disorders; Tinea Versicolor; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29431372
DOI: No ID Found -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Black and brown pigmentation of the oral mucosa can occur due to a multitude of non-neoplastic causes. Endogenous or exogenous pigments may be responsible for oral... (Review)
Review
Black and brown pigmentation of the oral mucosa can occur due to a multitude of non-neoplastic causes. Endogenous or exogenous pigments may be responsible for oral discoloration which can range from innocuous to life-threatening in nature. Physiologic, reactive, and idiopathic melanin production seen in smoker's melanosis, drug-related discolorations, melanotic macule, melanoacanthoma and systemic diseases are presented. Exogenous sources of pigmentation such as amalgam tattoo and black hairy tongue are also discussed. Determining the significance of mucosal pigmented lesions may represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Biopsy is indicated whenever the source of pigmentation cannot be definitively identified based on the clinical presentation.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Pigmentation; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 30671761
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0980-9 -
Journal of Alternative and... Oct 2020The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to describe the status on the effects of physical scar treatments on pain, pigmentation, pliability, pruritus,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to describe the status on the effects of physical scar treatments on pain, pigmentation, pliability, pruritus, scar thickening, and surface area. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Adults with any kind of scar tissue. Physical scar management versus control or no scar management. Pain, pigmentation, pliability, pruritus, surface area, scar thickness. The overall results revealed that physical scar management is beneficial compared with the control treatment regarding the management of pain ( = 0.012), pruritus ( < 0.001), pigmentation ( = 0.010), pliability ( < 0.001), surface area ( < 0.001), and thickness ( = 0.022) of scar tissue in adults. The observed risk of bias was high for blinding of participants and personnel (47%) and low for other bias (100%). Physical scar management demonstrates moderate-to-strong effects on improvement of scar issues as related to signs and symptoms. These results show the importance of specific physical management of scar tissue.
Topics: Cicatrix; Female; Humans; Male; Pigmentation Disorders; Postoperative Complications; Pruritus; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32589450
DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0109 -
Genes Jun 2023Reticulate pigmentary disorders (RPDs) are a group of inherited and acquired skin conditions characterized by hyperpigmented and/or hypopigmented macules. Inherited RPDs... (Review)
Review
Reticulate pigmentary disorders (RPDs) are a group of inherited and acquired skin conditions characterized by hyperpigmented and/or hypopigmented macules. Inherited RPDs include dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH), dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH), reticulate acropigmentation of Kitamura (RAK), Dowling-Degos disease (DDD), dyskeratosis congenita (DKC), Naegeli-Franceschetti-Jadassohn syndrome (NFJS), dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis (DPR), and X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder. Although reticulate pattern of pigmentation is a common characteristic of this spectrum of disorders, the distribution of pigmentation varies among these disorders, and there may be clinical manifestations beyond pigmentation. DSH, DUH, and RAK are mostly reported in East Asian ethnicities. DDD is more common in Caucasians, although it is also reported in Asian countries. Other RPDs show no racial predilection. This article reviews the clinical, histological, and genetic variations of inherited RPDs.
Topics: Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Skin Diseases, Genetic
PubMed: 37372478
DOI: 10.3390/genes14061300 -
Clinics in Dermatology 2021Terra firma-forme dermatosis is an underreported acquired pigmentation disorder caused by keratinocyte retention that is not mentioned in many textbooks. It is...
Terra firma-forme dermatosis is an underreported acquired pigmentation disorder caused by keratinocyte retention that is not mentioned in many textbooks. It is characterized by the onset of asymptomatic hyperpigmented patches or velvety plaques potentially involving any part of the body, including the trunk, extremities, and the skin folds such as neck, axilla, inguinal region, and umbilical folds. It affects both sexes equally and all age groups, although it seems more prevalent in children with a mean age of 10.4 years. The prompt regression after rubbing with an alcohol-soaked gauze is diagnostic and curative. The cause of this affection remains unknown, although less rigorous hygiene or an atopic background is contributory.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Child; Female; Humans; Hygiene; Hyperpigmentation; Keratinocytes; Male
PubMed: 34272010
DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.10.019 -
Australian Journal of General Practice Jun 2019
Topics: Australia; Humans; Pigmentation Disorders; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 31220889
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-06-19-1234e -
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research Jul 2021
Topics: Humans; Melanocytes; Pigmentation Disorders; Skin Neoplasms; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 34255940
DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12997 -
International Journal of Dermatology Aug 2021Terra firma-forme dermatosis (TFFD) is an acquired pigmentation disorder that promptly regresses after applying isopropyl alcohol 70%. The clinical presentation ranges... (Review)
Review
Terra firma-forme dermatosis (TFFD) is an acquired pigmentation disorder that promptly regresses after applying isopropyl alcohol 70%. The clinical presentation ranges from patches of brownish discoloration to velvety hyperkeratotic plaques. Critical analyses of current data are lacking, so etiologies, pathogenesis, and disease associations are still debated in the literature. A literature search was done in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to identify the published papers reporting clinical cases of TFFD. Of 102 papers screened, 64 met the including criteria. Overall, the records of 256 patients presenting a mean age of 18.34 years and a female:male ratio of 1:37 were reviewed. The present article aims to provide a key point-summary regarding the clinical outcome, associated comorbidities, pathogenesis, histopathology, dermoscopy, and therapeutic modalities of TFFD.
Topics: Adolescent; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Male
PubMed: 33280096
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15301 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 37486778
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2301437 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Dec 2018
Review
Topics: Dermatitis, Atopic; Dermatologic Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Emollients; Exanthema; Eye; Facial Dermatoses; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 30578243
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k5098