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Microbial Pathogenesis Dec 2023Facial eczema is often found in flocks of grazing sheep in China. To investigate fungi species those cause disease and pathological roles. Forage and soil samples were...
Facial eczema is often found in flocks of grazing sheep in China. To investigate fungi species those cause disease and pathological roles. Forage and soil samples were collected during the pathogenic season and cultured. Samples were collected from regions with and without facial eczema affected sheep. Fungal isolation and identification, statistical analysis of fungal species and distribution were performed. Pathological changes, biochemical parameters of serum liver function and protection of inflammatory factors that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) were observed. Fungal cultivation and identification showed that separation rate of Alternaria, Pithomyces chartarum, Fusarium and Aspergillus were higher, particularly, Pithomyces chartarum was significantly identical. Pathological anatomy and histology indicated that the disease likely attacked merino ewes with the age of 6 months old. The clinical manifestations were characterized by inflammational edema in face (ears and eyelids) and mandibular area. Postmortem examination of dead lambs showed enlargement of liver with yellow white patchs of necrotic lesion and tuberous sclerosis and fibrosis on section. Histologic examination of liver showed extravasated blood, severe lesion of liver cells and bile duct, and fatty degeneration. In sheep, fungal toxin induced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12. These results revealed that Pithomyces chartarum maybe caused facial eczema and inflammation in sheep. The facial eczema was allergic eczema caused by hepatic dysfunction and hepatonecrosis.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Female; Interleukin-6; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Eczema; Inflammation; Ascomycota; Sheep, Domestic; Interleukin-12; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 37981078
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106451 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important annual crop known for its edible oil. Sunflower is susceptible to many fungal diseases including rusts, rotting,...
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important annual crop known for its edible oil. Sunflower is susceptible to many fungal diseases including rusts, rotting, mildews, and leaf spots that result in low crop yield. Presently, infected leaves with leaf spot disease symptoms were collected from Jallo Park, Botanical Garden; University of the Punjab, Canal road, and Johar Town, Lahore for pathogen/s isolation and identification. The identification was executed morphologically as well as genetically by nucleotide sequencing of rDNA using Internal spacer region (ITS) and Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) primers. Morphological characters demonstrated a rapidly growing colony on MEA reaching 5.0-5.5 cm in diameter without zonation. The mycelial growth was rough and cottony white from the front and light pink from the reverse side. Conidia were brown, verruculose, and ellipsoidal with three to five transverse septations and one longitudinal septum ranging from 15 to 30 ± 2 µm in the broadest part. Conidiophores were long, branched, septate, 70-80 × 3-4 µm in size. Based on morphological characteristics, the pathogen was identified as Pithomyces sacchari. In genetic characterization BLAST analysis of the rDNA-ITS region of the pathogen exhibited maximum (100%) homology with other P. sacchari GenBank strains. Similarly, 99% homology was found with partial glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). To confirm the pathogenicity, Koch's pathogenicity test was performed by inoculating artificial fungal suspension in pots and plate assays. The emergence of similar disease symptoms and re-isolation of the same pathogens verified Koch's pathogenicity postulates. Conclusively this study confirms the identification of this novel pathogen of sunflowers and necessitates the quick development of management tools.
Topics: Helianthus; Pakistan; Ascomycota; Asteraceae; DNA, Ribosomal
PubMed: 36539434
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25890-z -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Jun 2018Photosensitization is severe dermatitis or oxidative/chemical changes in the epidermal tissues activated by the light-induced excitation of molecules within the tissue.... (Review)
Review
Photosensitization is severe dermatitis or oxidative/chemical changes in the epidermal tissues activated by the light-induced excitation of molecules within the tissue. It is a series of reactions mediated through light receptors and is more common when the plant-produced metabolites are heterocyclic/polyphenols in nature. The areas affected are exposed body parts and mostly non-pigmented areas with least ultraviolet protection. Similarly, cellular alteration also occurs in the affected animal's dermal tissues and body parts and grazing animals by the accumulation and activation of photodynamic molecules. Photo-oxidation can also occur within the plant due to the generation of reactive oxygen species causing damage and degradation in the form of free radicals and DNA. During the last few decades, many new tropical grass species have been introduced in the grazing lands which are genetically modified, and the animals grazing on them are facing various forms of toxicity including photosensitization. The plant's secondary metabolites/drugs may cause toxicity when bacteria, viral agents, fungi (Pithomyces chartarum), or neoplasia injures the liver and prevents the phylloerythrin excretion. All these may disturb the liver enzymes and blood profile causing a decrease in weight and production (wool and milk etc.) with severe dermal, digestive, and nervous problems. Recent advancements in OMICS (cellomics, ethomics, metabolomics, metabonomics, and glycomics) have enabled us to detect and identify the plants' secondary metabolites and changes in the animal's physiology and histopathology as a causative of photosensitivity. The review focuses on types of photosensitization, reasons, secondary metabolic compounds, chemistry, and environmental effect on plants.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chlorophyll; Climate; DNA; Herbivory; Inflammation; Light; Liver; Oxygen; Photosensitivity Disorders; Pigmentation; Plants; Poaceae; Skin
PubMed: 29623517
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1583-x -
The Journal of Antibiotics Jul 2021Pithohirolide (1), a new depsipeptide, was isolated from an ascomycetous fungus Pithomyces chartarum TAMA 581. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of...
Pithohirolide (1), a new depsipeptide, was isolated from an ascomycetous fungus Pithomyces chartarum TAMA 581. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated on the basis of NMR and MS analyses and the absolute configuration was determined by the advanced Marfey's analysis, chiral-phase HPLC analysis, and synthesis of degradation product. Compound 1 possesses a cyclic structure comprising (S)-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid, (S)-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid, (S)-2-hydroxyisovaleric acid, and N-methyl-L-alanine, connected via three ester and one amide linkages. Compound 1 exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae at MIC 3.1 μg ml.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Ascomycota; Cell Line, Tumor; Depsipeptides; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Fungal Proteins; Leukemia; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33963290
DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00423-4 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Mar 2021Molecular diagnostics such as pathogen-directed PCRs have transformed testing for ocular infections since the late 1990s. Although these assays remain important...
BACKGROUND
Molecular diagnostics such as pathogen-directed PCRs have transformed testing for ocular infections since the late 1990s. Although these assays remain important diagnostic tools for samples with low biomass, the lack of diagnostic range motivates alternative molecular approaches for ocular infections. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of a high-throughput RNA sequencing approach, RNA-seq, to detect infectious agents in ocular samples from patients with presumed ocular infections.
METHODS
We compared the performance of RNA-seq to pathogen-directed PCRs using remnant nucleic acids from 41 aqueous or vitreous samples of patients with presumed ocular infections. Pathogen-directed PCRs were performed at the CLIA-certified Stanford Clinical Virology Laboratory. RNA-seq was performed in a masked manner at the Proctor Foundation at the University of California San Francisco. Percent positive and negative agreement between the two testing approaches were calculated. Discordant results were subjected to orthogonal testing.
RESULTS
The positive percent agreement between RNA-seq and pathogen-directed PCRs was 100% (95% confidence interval (CI): 78.5%-100%). The negative percent agreement was 92.6% (95% CI: 76.6%-97.9%). RNA-seq identified pathogens not on the differential diagnosis for 9.7% (4/41) of the samples. Two pathogens solely identified with RNA-seq were confirmed with orthogonal testing.
CONCLUSIONS
RNA-seq can accurately identify common and rare pathogens in aqueous and vitreous samples of patients with presumed ocular infections. Such an unbiased approach to testing has the potential to improve diagnostics although practical clinical utility warrants additional studies.
Topics: Eye Infections; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 33609933
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104759 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2021Facial eczema (FE) is a secondary photosensitization disease of farm ruminants caused by the sporidesmin A, produced in the spores of the saprophytic fungus . This study...
Facial eczema (FE) is a secondary photosensitization disease of farm ruminants caused by the sporidesmin A, produced in the spores of the saprophytic fungus . This study communicates an outbreak of ovine FE in Asturias (Spain) and characterizes the serum biochemical pattern and the immune response that may contribute to liver damage, favoring cholestasis and the progression to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Animals showed clinical signs of photosensitivity, with decrease of daily weight gain and loss of wool and crusting for at least 6 months after the FE outbreak. Serum activity of γ-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly increased in sheep with skin lesions. In the acute phase, edematous skin lesions in the head, hepatocytic and canalicular cholestasis in centrilobular regions, presence of neutrophils in small clumps surrounding deposits of bile pigment, ductular proliferation, as well as cholemic nephrosis, were observed. Macrophages, stained positively for MAC387, were found in areas of canalicular cholestasis. In the chronic phase, areas of alopecia and crusting were seen in the head, and the liver was atrophic with large regeneration nodules and gallstones. Fibrosis around dilated bile ducts, "typical" and "atypical" ductular reaction and an inflammatory infiltrate composed of lymphocytes and pigmented macrophages, with iron deposits and lipofuscin, were found. The surviving parenchyma persisted with a jigsaw pattern characteristic of biliary cirrhosis. Concentric and eccentric myointimal proliferation was found in arteries near damaged bile ducts. In cirrhotic livers, stellated cells, ductular reaction, ectatic bile ducts and presence of M2 macrophages and lymphocytes, were observed in areas of bile ductular reaction.
PubMed: 33918904
DOI: 10.3390/ani11041070 -
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Jul 2017AIMS To examine the agreement between spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum measured in a single aliquot of wash water with counts from multiple aliquots from the same... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIMS To examine the agreement between spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum measured in a single aliquot of wash water with counts from multiple aliquots from the same 60 g pasture sample, and between spore counts measured in an individual 60 g pasture sample with counts from three 60 g pasture samples selected from the same 200 g paddock sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four Waikato dairy farms were visited once weekly from early January to late May 2013. One paddock, with 40 sampling sites, was selected per farm. At each visit, ∼200 g of pasture was collected per site. Spore counting was undertaken using a standard method, except that three separate 60 g pasture samples per 200 g paddock sample was counted; and for each 60 g pasture sample, spores were counted in 10 aliquots of wash water. The relationship between the results of a single aliquot and 6-10 aliquots of wash water from the same 60 g grass sample were assessed by calculating 95% prediction intervals. Limits of agreement analysis was used to assess the agreement between counts from one, two or three aliquots per 60 g pasture sample compared with 10 aliquots, and between counts from one and three 60 g pasture samples from the same 200 g paddock sample. RESULTS Comparing spore counts from individual aliquots with multiple aliquots resulted in large prediction intervals and 95% limits of agreement, which increased with increasing spore count. For an individual aliquot count of 2 spores, the 95% prediction interval for the count from 10 aliquots was 3-49 spores, and for an individual count of 10 spores the 95% prediction interval was 28-222 spores. Increasing the number of aliquots counted improved agreement. For a total count of 10 spores measured in 10 aliquots, the 95% limits of agreement, based on a single aliquot, were 2-50 spores, and for three aliquots were 5-20 spores. The agreement in spore counts measured in one compared with three 60 g pasture samples was moderate and also decreased with increasing spore count; the 95% limits of agreement were 4-14.5 for a mean spore count of 10. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Measuring the spore counts of three aliquots of wash water per 60 g grass sample improved repeatability, and should be used as the standard technique, particularly when determining whether to start or finish facial eczema control programmes.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Colony Count, Microbial; Dairying; Eczema; Mitosporic Fungi; New Zealand; Poaceae; Spores, Fungal; Sporidesmins
PubMed: 28273429
DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1303794 -
Journal of Comparative Pathology 2016Pyogranulomatous rhinitis associated with an algal infection was diagnosed in a 25-year-old gelding and a 23-year-old mare had necrotizing sinusitis with intralesional...
Pyogranulomatous rhinitis associated with an algal infection was diagnosed in a 25-year-old gelding and a 23-year-old mare had necrotizing sinusitis with intralesional algae and pigmented fungi. Algae were identified immunohistochemically in both cases as Prototheca spp. In the gelding, further characterization by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing revealed that the organism was Prototheca zopfii genotype 2. Fungi from the mare were identified as Pithomyces chartarum by molecular analysis. Prototheca species are achlorophyllous algae and P. chartarum represents a dematiaceous fungus; they are saprophytes and facultative pathogens. Prototheca spp. and P. chartarum should be considered as rare respiratory pathogens of horses.
Topics: Animals; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Infections; Male; Mycoses; Prototheca; Rhinitis; Sinusitis
PubMed: 27394651
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.06.004 -
Medical Mycology Oct 2014The fungal genus Pithomyces comprises numerous dematiaceous saprobic species commonly found on dead leaves and stems of a great variety of plants. Occasionally, they...
The fungal genus Pithomyces comprises numerous dematiaceous saprobic species commonly found on dead leaves and stems of a great variety of plants. Occasionally, they have been recovered from clinical specimens. We morphologically and molecularly (rDNA sequences) investigated a set of 42 isolates tentatively identified as Pithomyces recovered from clinical specimens in the United States. The predominant species were P. chartarum and P. sacchari (33.3% each), followed by Pithomyces sp. I (28.6%) and P. maydicus (4.8%). Most of the isolates were obtained from samples of superficial tissue (50%), the respiratory tract (21.4%), and the nasal region (19%). In general, these fungi were highly susceptible in vitro to the eight antifungal agents tested.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Ascomycota; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy; Molecular Sequence Data; Mycoses; Nasal Cavity; Phylogeny; Respiratory System; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; Skin; United States
PubMed: 25129851
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myu044 -
Veterinary Pathology Nov 2022Pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) is a seasonal hepatogenous photosensitization of sheep caused by the ingestion of sporidesmin contained in the spores of the fungus ....
Pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) is a seasonal hepatogenous photosensitization of sheep caused by the ingestion of sporidesmin contained in the spores of the fungus . We describe 4 cases of obstructive rhinopathy associated with chronic pithomycotoxicosis naturally occurring in the north of Spain. Sheep were 5 to 7 years old and Latxa breed. A detailed clinical study was conducted together with computerized tomography examination and completed by necropsy and histopathology. All sheep developed a permanent narrowing of the nasal lumen close to the nostrils causing inspiratory dyspnea and snoring. Computerized tomography demonstrated a significant increase of soft tissue in the rostral nasal cavity. Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lipase were noted on serum biochemistry. At necropsy, liver atrophy and fibrosis associated with chronic pithomycotoxicosis was identified in 3 of the sheep. All sheep had whitish elevations and rough surfaces on the alar folds and areas adjacent to the nasal surfaces. Histopathologic assessments, which included histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques, of the nasal lesions identified moderate to severe arteriosclerosis in 21.5% to 61.9% of the small arteries evaluated with surrounding fibrosis and edema. No changes associated with hypersensitivity reactions were found. These lesions were similar to the ones described in blood vessels of the liver in chronic pithomycotoxicosis and in our cases. The results of this study suggest a direct action of the sporidesmin on the rostral nasal cavity. Further studies are needed to analyze the impact of the sporidesmin on the sheep nasal mucosa.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Fibrosis; Lipase; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sporidesmins
PubMed: 35787065
DOI: 10.1177/03009858221109095