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Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2020Endotoxin is an unintentional contaminant that has numerous activities and can affect various biological experiments using cells. In this study, we measured the...
Endotoxin is an unintentional contaminant that has numerous activities and can affect various biological experiments using cells. In this study, we measured the endotoxin activity of samples from a plant extract library (PEL) and determined their degrees of contamination. Endotoxin was detected in approx. 48% (n = 139) and approx. 4% (n = 5) of field-collected and crude drug samples, respectively, and in concentrations >5.0 EU/mL in some samples. The concentrations of endotoxin that affect cells in vitro vary depending on the target cell type. Although the degree of contamination varied in the present study, it was considered to have little effect on the cell experiments. More than 150 PEL samples had problems with reaction courses or recovery rates of Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) tests. In the LAL tests, using three plant extracts [Sanguisorba officinalis L. (Rosaceae), Oenothera biennis L. (Onagraceae), and Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae)], the polyphenolic compounds in the plant extracts affected LAL test and their effects differed depending on the plant species. When the 16 single polyphenol compounds were added to the LAL tests, the compounds with caffeoyl and pyrogallol moieties were found to affect the LAL reaction course and recovery rate. Furthermore, none of the compounds had any effects at concentrations of 1 µM. Because the plant extracts contained analogs of various polyphenolic compounds, they were presumed to actually act synergistically. Our findings demonstrated that attention must be paid to the recovery rate and reaction process of LAL tests with samples containing polyphenolic compounds.
Topics: Animals; Drug Contamination; Endotoxins; Limulus Test; Lythrum; Oenothera biennis; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Sanguisorba
PubMed: 33132322
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00489 -
Research in Veterinary Science Aug 2020Bovine mastitis is the most important disease affecting dairy herds worldwide, causing direct impacts on farms' profitability and food safety issues. The prevention and... (Review)
Review
Bovine mastitis is the most important disease affecting dairy herds worldwide, causing direct impacts on farms' profitability and food safety issues. The prevention and treatment of this pathology is especially done through antimicrobials, but the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens to this disease may affect the efficiency of conventional drugs. Besides, antimicrobials residues in milk and the environment are a potential threat to human health. Thereby, the use of plant extracts and essential oils may become promising alternatives for the control of bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial properties present in several plants are well described and plant extracts and essential oils are often considered safe to animals, humans and environment. This review summarizes the current problems encountered in the conventional treatment of mastitis, the possibilities of the use of plant extracts and essential oils as alternative agents for the control of these pathogens and the limitations found in the use of these plant derivatives. Finally, the perspectives to the use of plant extracts and essential oils for the treatment of bovine mastitis are presented.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Oils, Volatile; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 32388021
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.025 -
Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal... 2019In the last decade, many new avenues of cancer treatment have opened up but the costs of treatment have sky-rocketed too. Hence, screening of indigenously available... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In the last decade, many new avenues of cancer treatment have opened up but the costs of treatment have sky-rocketed too. Hence, screening of indigenously available plant and animal resources for anti-carcinogenic potential is an important branch of anticancer research. The effort has been made through this comprehensive review to highlight the recent developments of anticancer therapies using different parts of papaya plant extract.
METHODS
In search of the naturally existing animals and plants for anticarcinogenic potential, papaya plant has been exploited by the scientist working in this research field. A widespread literature search was performed for writing this review.
RESULTS
Different constituents of responsible for anticancer activities have been discussed. Papaya extract for the treatment of breast, liver, blood, pancreas, skin, prostate, and colon cancer have also been reported. Finally, the various formulation approach using extract have been highlighted.
CONCLUSION
The information provided in this review might be useful for researchers in designing of novel formulation of extract for the treatment of cancer.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Carica; Drug Compounding; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Humans; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 31418665
DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666190722160955 -
Microscopy Research and Technique Aug 2022The study deals with the LM and SEM (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) of Datura stramonium L. extract and to evaluate its phytochemical, antimicrobial,...
The study deals with the LM and SEM (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) of Datura stramonium L. extract and to evaluate its phytochemical, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The plant sample collected from different Lahore region was dried under shade. The plant extract was prepared using different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol). Phytochemical screening performed qualitatively for alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Radical scavenging potential of plant extracts was estimated and ethyl acetate extract exhibited maximum percentage scavenging ability of 92.2 ± 0.09. Total antioxidant capacity of different extracts was measured by phosphomolybdate method. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed maximum values of 72.3 ± 0.08% and 79 ± 0.15% with respect to gallic acid. Total phenolic contents were determined through Folin-Ciocalteau method and highest value of 495.2 ± 3.4 was obtained by methanolic extract. DPPH-TLC autography was used for the visual detection of antioxidant compounds in different plant extracts. Antibacterial activity of plant extract was measured by disc diffusion method against microorganisms named Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis (Gram positive), and Salmonella typhimurium, and Proteus mirabilis (Gram negative). Because of the vast medicinal importance of D. stramonium L. it would be beneficial to study LM and SEM for correct identification of plant and to determine phytochemicals. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: LM and SEM (light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) of Datura stramonium L. was studied for the exact identification of plant. To evaluate the biological activities of pharmaceutically important plant. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were determined. D. stramonium L. proved to be medicinally important plant.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Datura stramonium; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 35555838
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24148 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Oct 2015Botanical and cosmeceutical therapies are commonly used to treat symptoms of rosacea such as facial erythema, papules/pustule counts, and telangiectasia. These products... (Review)
Review
Botanical and cosmeceutical therapies are commonly used to treat symptoms of rosacea such as facial erythema, papules/pustule counts, and telangiectasia. These products may contain plant extracts, phytochemicals, and herbal formulations. The objective of this study was to review clinical studies evaluating the use of botanical agents for the treatment of rosacea. MEDLINE and Embase databases were searched for clinical studies evaluating botanical therapies for rosacea. Major results were summarized, and study methodology was analyzed. Several botanical therapies may be promising for rosacea symptoms, but few studies are methodologically rigorous. Several plant extract and phytochemicals effectively improved facial erythema and papule/pustule counts caused by rosacea. Many studies are not methodologically rigorous. Further research is critical, as many botanicals have been evaluated in only one study. Botanical agents may reduce facial erythema and effectively improve papule/pustule counts associated with rosacea. Although promising, further research in the area is imperative.
Topics: Erythema; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Rosacea
PubMed: 26272329
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5432 -
International Journal of Cosmetic... Apr 2022Melanin gives some natural protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation; however, excessive production of melanin causes skin hyperpigmentation.... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Melanin gives some natural protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation; however, excessive production of melanin causes skin hyperpigmentation. Depigmenting cosmetics can be used to control this process; however, depigmenting agents commonly used have some disadvantages, such as low bioavailability, photosensitization, cellular toxicity, and insolubility. Natural sources of melanogenic inhibitors have become important alternatives to synthetic ones. The objective of this review was to summarize the results of studies on natural extracts that have been reported in the literature to inhibit the process of melanogenesis, giving a view on their suitability for potential use in new cosmetic formulations for skin-lightening.
DATA SOURCES
A systematic literature search was carried out using the descriptors: "melanogenesis", "tyrosinase", "tyrosinase inhibition", and "natural agents".
STUDY SELECTION
Publications were selected based on our designated inclusion and exclusion criteria, and a total of 15 studies met these criteria.
DATA EXTRACTION
The following were used in the review of each paper which met the criteria: the name of the plant (all of the natural extracts turned out to be from plants), the method used to obtain the plant extract, the method for evaluating anti-tyrosinase activity, the main results, and the conclusions.
DATA SYNTHESIS
All evaluated natural agents demonstrated anti-tyrosinase effect. The species Leathesia difformis, Morus alba, Orostachys japonicus, Heracleum moellendorffii, Coix lacryma-jobi (adlay), Inula brittanica, and Gailardia aristata stood out from the others due to their application as potential inhibitors of more than three proteins related to melanogenesis, including the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and dopachrome tautomerase.
CONCLUSION
The plants present an anti-tyrosinase effect that must be better explored in the new cosmetic formulations. The anti-melanogenic effects of the plant are mainly related to the presence of phenolic and antioxidant compounds.
Topics: Animals; Hyperpigmentation; Melanins; Melanoma, Experimental; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Plant Extracts; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 35048395
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12763 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Apr 2021Vetiver has a broad history of traditional medicinal uses, but only a handful of research article has reported its utility in treating diseases. But unfortunately, no... (Review)
Review
Vetiver has a broad history of traditional medicinal uses, but only a handful of research article has reported its utility in treating diseases. But unfortunately, no work has been reported on the anti-inflammatory activity of its plant extract and inflammatory-linked diseases. Hence, the present review focuses on investigating the several presumptions which can be put forward to explain its anti-inflammatory property. Thus, for ensuring the same, all the databases like science direct, PubMed, book chapters, and other authenticated papers were thoroughly studied to present a connection between inflammation and the plant potential. After gaining enough knowledge on pathogenesis of inflammation, it has been observed that the release of mediators from the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and generation of oxidative and nitrogen species are presented as the main reason for the occurrence of inflammation condition. The stimulation of antioxidant enzyme system network by the plant extract reduces the level of oxidative stress, creating a balance between oxidant and antioxidant system. Moreover, its antimicrobial activity will prevent the biological source of stimulation towards injury and the CNS depressant effect will subside the pain of inflammation. Amalgamating all the factors together, the plant can be utilized as anti-inflammatory can be and also can be proved as a beneficial perspective in the treatment of inflammation-linked disorders.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Biodegradation, Environmental; Chrysopogon; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 33534103
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12652-z -
Nutrition and Cancer 2021The intermingled interrelationship of and human health dates backs to the ancient times in the history of ayurveda making the plant an enriched source of alternative... (Review)
Review
The intermingled interrelationship of and human health dates backs to the ancient times in the history of ayurveda making the plant an enriched source of alternative drug development in a nontoxic manner. In recent years, research on the biological effects of has flourished as promising neuroprotective, memory boosting and more importantly as both chemopreventive and anti-neoplastic agent. Each naturally synthesized chemical constituent identified from leaf extract with different solvents, has significant anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative activity on different type of cancer cells. In this context, a substantial literature survey allows a deep understanding of the involvement of specific bioactive molecules along with the whole plant extract of with their divergent effective molecular pathways. This comprehensive review covers literature up to the year 2020 highlighting all the anticancer efficacy along with signaling pathways activated by secondary metabolites found in bacopa plant.
Topics: Bacopa; Humans; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 33148034
DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1841248 -
Journal of Liposome Research Sep 2022Plant-derived phytoconstituents are well known for their therapeutic potential. It has been experimentally demonstrated that whole-plant extract or isolated... (Review)
Review
Plant-derived phytoconstituents are well known for their therapeutic potential. It has been experimentally demonstrated that whole-plant extract or isolated phytoconstituents reveal various therapeutic potentials like hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antitumor, antioxidant, skin protectives, etc. Although these phytoconstituents have potential therapeutic benefits, their use is limited due to their poor bioavailability, stability in biological fluids, and authentication issues. These continue to be an open problem that affects the application of these valuable ancient herbal herbs in the effective treatment and management of various disease conditions. A potential solution to these difficult problems could be the loading of phytoactives in phospholipid-based vesicular systems. Phospholipid-based vesicles like liposomes, phytosomes, ethosomes as well as transfersomes were effectively utilized recently to solve drawbacks and for effective delivery of phytoactives. Several landmark studies observed better therapeutic efficacy of phytoactive loaded vesicles compared to conventional drug delivery. Thus phospholipid-based vesicles mediated phytoactive delivery is a recently developed promising and attractive strategy for better therapeutic control on disease conditions. The present short review highlights recent advances in herbal bioactive loaded phospholipid-based vesicles.
Topics: Biological Availability; Drug Delivery Systems; Liposomes; Phospholipids; Plant Extracts; Skin
PubMed: 34727833
DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2021.1968430 -
Natural Product Research Dec 2021Ledeb. has been a phytochemically unexplored Mongolian medicinal folklore plant. In this study, its total flavonoid content was determined and fourteen flavonoids ()...
Ledeb. has been a phytochemically unexplored Mongolian medicinal folklore plant. In this study, its total flavonoid content was determined and fourteen flavonoids () were isolated from the aerial parts of . Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. The compounds -, methoxyflavones, were tested for antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity against A549, HeLa, K-562, THP-1 and HUVEC cell lines. This is the first report on the effects of 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,6,3'-trimethoxyflavone () against all tested cell lines and it exhibited potent activity against chronic myeloid leukemia K-562 and acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells, each with GI value at 2.0 μg/mL. The 5,4'-dihydroxy-3,6,7,3'-tetramethoxyflavone () showed the most potent activity against THP-1 (GI = 1.1 μg/mL) and the highest cytotoxicity (5.6 μg/mL). In addition, acute toxicity of plant ethanol extract was evaluated and the lethal dose (LD) was estimated at 1048 mg/kg.
Topics: Cell Line, Tumor; Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium; Flavonoids; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 32799581
DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1806271