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Journal of Invertebrate Pathology Nov 2021Nosema disease is one factor that can cause colony decline in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) worldwide. Nosema ceranae has outcompeted Nosema apis in the Western honeybee...
Nosema disease is one factor that can cause colony decline in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) worldwide. Nosema ceranae has outcompeted Nosema apis in the Western honeybee (A. mellifera) which is its original host. Fumagilin is an effective antibiotic treatment to control Nosema infection but currently it is forbidden in many countries. In this study, 12 plant extracts were evaluated for their toxicity to adult bees and antimicrosporidian activity under laboratory and field conditions. N. ceranae-infected adult bees were fed ad libitum with 50% sucrose solution containing 1% and 5% (w/v) of each plant extract. Bee mortality in N. ceranae-infected groups fed with plant extracts was higher than that in the control group treated with fumagilin. The results demonstrated that 9 of 12 extracts had high antimicrosporidian activity against N. ceranae and their efficacies were comparable to fumagilin. Spore reduction in infected bees was 4-6 fold less after extract treatment. Following laboratory screening, Annona squamosa, Ocimum basilicum, Psidium guajava and Syzygium jambos were tested in honeybee colonies. Plant extracts of 2% concentration (w/v) inhibited the development of Nosema spores after 30 days of treatment. At the end of experiment (90 days), spores in the plant extract treated groups were lower than in group treated with fumagilin but there was no significant difference. Although, extracts tested in this study showed high toxicity to bee in laboratory cages, they did not show negative affects on bees under whole colony conditions. Therefore, the effectiveness of plant extracts tested in this study was notable and warrants further study as potential Nosema control agents in honey bees. Plant extracts would offer a non-antibiotic alternative for Nosema control and help reduce the overuse of antibiotics in livestock.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Fungicides, Industrial; Nosema; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 34728218
DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107688 -
Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Apr 2022A critical investigation on the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO, SnO, and CeO NPs synthesized from green and phytogenic method using plants... (Review)
Review
A critical investigation on the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as ZnO, SnO, and CeO NPs synthesized from green and phytogenic method using plants and various plant parts have been compiled. In this review, different plant extraction methods, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, effects of plant extract on the physical, chemical, and optical properties of green synthesized ZnO, SnO, and CeO NPs also have been compiled and discussed. Effect of several parameters on the size, morphology, and optical band gap energy of metal oxide have been explored. Moreover, the role of solvents has been found important and discussed. Extract composition i.e. phytochemicals also found to affect the morphology and size of the synthesized ZnO, SnO, and CeO NPs. It was found that, there is no universal extraction method that is ideal and extraction techniques is unique to the plant type, plant parts, and solvent used.
Topics: Cerium; Green Chemistry Technology; Metal Nanoparticles; Nanostructures; Plant Extracts; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 35244777
DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02713-z -
Microscopy Research and Technique Nov 2022The green method is not only harmonious to our environment but saves time and is comparatively cheaper than other methods. The current study is aimed to synthesize the...
The green method is not only harmonious to our environment but saves time and is comparatively cheaper than other methods. The current study is aimed to synthesize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the green method by using the leaves of Loranthus pulverulentus Wall (LPW) which functioned as a reducing as well as capping agent. The synthesis of biogenic AgNPs was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis.), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The absorbance maxima of the synthesized AgNPs were observed in the range of 405-435 nm. The SEM was used to find out the size and shape of the synthesized AgNPs, which revealed that the NPs were rectangular having sizes from 05 to 16 nm. XRD revealed that the synthesized NPs were crystalline and face-centered cubic (FCC). EDX analysis reflected the elemental composition of the synthesized product and showed that the percentage of silver = 92. FTIR was used to confirm the functional groups responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver ions. It revealed that biomolecules present in plant extract were responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver ions. The effect of temperature, pH, reaction time, silver nitrate concentration, and plant extract concentration on the synthesis of AgNPs were also investigated. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were tested against four bacterial strains which showed strong antibacterial activity. We conclude that biogenic silver nanoparticles could be used as antibacterial agents to treat various diseases. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Loranthus pulverulentus Wall leaf extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Effects of pH 3, 4, 6, 9, and 11, reaction time 5, 10, 20, 40 min, 1, 2, and 3 h, temperature 30, 40, 50, 60°C, silver nitrate concentration 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mM and plant extract concentration 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g on the AgNPs synthesis were also studied Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed a small size of synthesized silver nanoparticles (8 nm). The synthesized silver nanoparticles were found effective against various bacterial pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Metal Nanoparticles; Plant Extracts; Silver; Silver Nitrate; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 35861158
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24204 -
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical... Jan 2021The present research study investigates the phytochemical and pharmacological importance of Bromus pectinatus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of this plant was...
The present research study investigates the phytochemical and pharmacological importance of Bromus pectinatus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of this plant was carried out to use standard method for the presence of various bioactive constituents. Results showed the ethanolic extract contain natural product such as steroids, alkaloids, tannins, coumarin, saponins, flavonoids and phenols. These compounds play a key role to reducing various disease and microbial inhibition. The ethanolic extract also showed the antimicrobial and antifugal activity against different pathogenic bacterial strains e.g Escherichia coli, Micrococus leutus, Protus vulgarus, and Kelebsela pneumona and three fungal strains Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavous, Aspergillus niger. The antioxidant assay was performed as % inhibition of DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) free radicals. The plant extract has more antioxidant activity as compared to ascorbic acid. The maximum concentration (800µg/ml) is the most effective of all. The plant extract showed the high cytotoxicity activity against Brine shrimp. Moreover, the plant extract exhibited allelopathic effect on different growth parameters of wheat plant mostly at higher concentration. These results indicate that the BPEE have a potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant and phytotoxic activity due to the presence of bioactive compounds.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Artemia; Aspergillus niger; Bromus; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 34248014
DOI: No ID Found -
The New Phytologist Nov 2021Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are monocopper enzymes of industrial and biological importance. In particular, LPMOs play important roles in fungal...
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are monocopper enzymes of industrial and biological importance. In particular, LPMOs play important roles in fungal lifestyle. No inhibitors of LPMOs have yet been reported. In this study, a diverse library of 100 plant extracts was screened for LPMO activity-modulating effects. By employing protein crystallography and LC-MS, we successfully identified a natural LPMO inhibitor. Extract screening revealed a significant LPMO inhibition by methanolic extract of Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon), which inhibited LsAA9A LPMO from Lentinus similis in a concentration-dependent manner. With a notable exception, other microbial LPMOs from families AA9 and AA10 were also inhibited by this cinnamon extract. The polyphenol cinnamtannin B1 was identified as the inhibitory component by crystallography. Cinnamtannin B1 was bound to the surface of LsAA9A at two distinct binding sites: one close to the active site and another at a pocket on the opposite side of the protein. Independent characterization of cinnamon extract by LC-MS and subsequent activity measurements confirmed that the compound inhibiting LsAA9A was cinnamtannin B1. The results of this study show that specific natural LPMO inhibitors of plant origin exist in nature, providing the opportunity for future exploitation of such compounds within various biotechnological contexts.
Topics: Fungal Proteins; Lentinula; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Plant Extracts; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 34389999
DOI: 10.1111/nph.17676 -
Journal de Mycologie Medicale Jun 2019Fungal infection with opportunistic fungi can cause a serious problem for immunocompromised persons such as organ-transplant recipients, cancer, and HIV/AIDS patients....
BACKGROUND
Fungal infection with opportunistic fungi can cause a serious problem for immunocompromised persons such as organ-transplant recipients, cancer, and HIV/AIDS patients. Control of these organisms using natural products is an interesting strategy to avoid the use of heavy chemotherapy in patients.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to use the extract of Forsskaolea tenacissima L. and Xanthium spinosum L. to suppress the growth of Candida albicans and Geotrichum candidum and to investigate their potential mode of action.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Different plant extracts were tested for their antifungal activity using disc diffusion method and their mode of action was explored using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
RESULTS
The results showed that chloroform extract of X. spinosum was the most effective against G. candidum, inhibiting its growth at very low concentration (38μg/mL). Chloroform extract of F. tenacissima was the most effective against C. albicans, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 39μg/mL. SEM demonstrated the fungitoxicity of the plant extracts against both pathogens. C. albicans treated with plant extract were invaginated and ruptured and the treated mycelia of G. candidum were distorted and squashed. GC-MS analysis showed that the chloroform extract of both plants had 13 different compounds.
CONCLUSION
Due to these promising results, these extracts should be further investigated and tested on different strains of C. albicans and G. candidum towards validation of their efficacy as a natural drug.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Geotrichum; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Mycelium; Opportunistic Infections; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems; Xanthium
PubMed: 30846319
DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2019.02.004 -
Wilderness & Environmental Medicine Sep 2020The potential efficacy of selected plant extracts to counteract the dermal toxicity of jellyfish envenomation was investigated using an in vitro cell culture model.
INTRODUCTION
The potential efficacy of selected plant extracts to counteract the dermal toxicity of jellyfish envenomation was investigated using an in vitro cell culture model.
METHODS
We studied plant extracts from Carica papaya, Ananas comosus, and Bouvardia ternifolia, known for their antivenom properties, in pairwise combinations with tissue homogenates of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca, Phyllorhiza punctata, and Cassiopea andromeda, to evaluate modulations of jellyfish cytotoxic effects. L929 mouse fibroblasts were incubated with pairwise jellyfish/plant extract combinations and examined by MTT assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide).
RESULTS
C papaya and A comosus significantly lowered the cytotoxicity of P noctiluca and P punctata but induced a slight worsening of C andromeda cytotoxicity. Conversely, B ternifolia was protective against P punctata, ineffective against P noctiluca, and worsened C andromeda cytotoxicity.
CONCLUSIONS
Data showed species-specific and contrasting effects of plant extracts, suggesting that those containing protease activities, namely A comosus and C papaya, are more effective in lowering the cytotoxicity of jellyfish venom containing toxic peptidic factors such as phospholipase A. However, all examined plants require further investigation in vivo to evaluate their ability to counteract jellyfish injury to the skin.
Topics: Ananas; Animals; Antivenins; Carica; Cnidarian Venoms; Mice; Plant Extracts; Rubiaceae; Scyphozoa; Tetrazolium Salts; Thiazoles
PubMed: 32682706
DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2020.03.004 -
Toxicology in Vitro : An International... Feb 2023Rubus rosifolius, popularly known as "red mulberry", is a common medicinal plant in southern Brazil and is used as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antimicrobial and...
Rubus rosifolius, popularly known as "red mulberry", is a common medicinal plant in southern Brazil and is used as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antimicrobial and antihypertensive, and to treat stomach diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the R. rosifolius stem extract (RrSE) for possible in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, using the comet assay and the micronucleus test to assess genotoxicity, and flow cytometry to assess the impact on the cell cycle and apoptosis in HepG2/C3A cells, in addition to evaluating the expression of genes linked to the induction of DNA damage, cell cycle, apoptosis and metabolism of xenobiotics. The MTT assay observed no cytotoxic effects at concentrations between 0.01 and 100 μg/mL of the extract. However, genotoxic effects occurred in treatments with the extract from a 1 μg/mL concentration. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a significant increase in cells in the G2/M phase after treatment with 10 μg/mL, a decrease in cells in the G0/G1 phase in the treatment with 100 μg/mL, and a significant increase in total apoptotic cells. In the gene expression analysis, an increase in the CYP1A2 xenobiotics metabolizing gene expression was observed. Despite the promising pharmacological effects of R. rosifolius, the results revealed that the RrSE has genotoxic effect and induces apoptosis in HepG2/C3A cells, indicating danger in using this plant extract by humans.
Topics: Humans; Rubus; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Apoptosis; DNA Damage; Plant Extracts; Hep G2 Cells; Cell Line; Liver Neoplasms
PubMed: 36279965
DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105485 -
Journal of Food Protection Oct 2021The application of plant extracts (PEs) could be a promising option to satisfy consumers' demand for natural additives to inhibit growth of variable pathogenic bacteria....
ABSTRACT
The application of plant extracts (PEs) could be a promising option to satisfy consumers' demand for natural additives to inhibit growth of variable pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a standardized microdilution method to examine the antimicrobial effects of 10 hydrophilic PEs against two strains of Clostridium perfringens facing various food-relevant influencing factors. Because of the high opacity of PEs, resazurin was used as an indicator for bacterial growth instead of pellet formation. The highest value of the MIC of the replications of each PE was defined as effective plant extract concentration (EPC), whereas the next concentration beneath the lowest MIC was defined as the ineffective plant extract concentration (IEPC). The EPCs of seven PEs, allspice, cardamom, cinnamon, clove, coriander, ginger, and mace, were between 0.625 and 10 g/kg, whereas extracts of caraway, nutmeg, and thyme showed no antimicrobial activity up to the maximum concentration tested (10 g/kg) against C. perfringens in vitro. Two intrinsic factors, sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2), displayed either synergistic or additive effects or no interaction with most PEs. By combination with PEs at their IEPC (0.08 to 1.25 g/kg), MIC of NaCl and NaNO2 decreased from between 25 and 50 g/kg to between 6 and 25 g/kg and from more than 200 mg/kg to between 0.2 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. In contrast, lipid (sunflower oil) at a low concentration inhibited the antimicrobial effects of all tested PEs. For extrinsic factors, only allspice, ginger, and coriander could maintain their antimicrobial effects after being heated to 78°C for 30 min. The synergistic effect between PEs and pH values (5.0 and 5.5) was also found for all PEs. The established screening method with resazurin and defining EPC and IEPC values allows the verification of antimicrobial effects of PEs under various food-relevant influencing factors in a fast and reproducible way.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Clostridium perfringens; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Thymus Plant
PubMed: 34115849
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-21-139 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Anchusa strigosa is a widespread weed in Greece, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Iran. The purpose of this study was to identify the phytochemicals of...
Anchusa strigosa is a widespread weed in Greece, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Iran. The purpose of this study was to identify the phytochemicals of Anchusa strigose and estimate the pro-wound healing (pro-WH) and antimicrobial activities of its active compounds. An identification of volatile compounds was performed by GC/MS analysis; HPLC, LC-ESI-MS, and MALDI-TOF-MS were also applied. Our results demonstrate that two specific combinations of compounds from A. strigosa extract significantly enhanced WH (p < 0.001). Several flavonoids of the plant extract, including quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol, kaempferol 3-O-β-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-β-glucopyranoside, and kaempferol 3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)-β-galactopyranoside, were effective against drug-resistant microorganisms. In addition, all the above-mentioned compounds had antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis.
Topics: Flavonoids; Plant Extracts; Phytochemicals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Turkey; Glycosides
PubMed: 36500332
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238239