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Sub-cellular Biochemistry 2016The epidermis has a strategic position at the interface between the plant and the environment. In order to control exchanges with the environment as well as to protect... (Review)
Review
The epidermis has a strategic position at the interface between the plant and the environment. In order to control exchanges with the environment as well as to protect the plant from external threats, the epidermis synthesises and secretes surface lipids to form a continuous, transparent and hydrophobic layer known as the cuticle. Cuticle formation is a strictly epidermal property in plants and all aerial epidermal cells produce some sort of cuticle on their surface. Conversely, all cuticularized plant surfaces are of epidermal origin. This seemingly anodyne observation has surprisingly profound implications in terms of understanding the function of the plant cuticle, since it underlies in part, the difficultly of functionally separating epidermal cell fate specification from cuticle biogenesis.
Topics: Cell Lineage; Gene Expression Regulation; Lipid Metabolism; Mutation; Plant Development; Plants; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 27023240
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_12 -
Plant & Cell Physiology Dec 2020Gibberellin (GA) hormones regulate the development of plants and their responses to environmental signals. The final part of GA biosynthesis is catalyzed by... (Review)
Review
Gibberellin (GA) hormones regulate the development of plants and their responses to environmental signals. The final part of GA biosynthesis is catalyzed by multifunctional 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, which are encoded by multigene families. According to their enzymatic properties and physiological functions, GA-oxidases are classified as anabolic or catabolic enzymes. Together they allow complex regulation of the GA biosynthetic pathway, which adapts the specific hormonal needs of a plant during development and interaction with its environment. In this review, we combine recent advances in enzymatic characterization of the multifunctional GA-oxidases, in particular, from cucumber and Arabidopsis that have been most comprehensively investigated.
Topics: Dioxygenases; Gibberellins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 32343806
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa051 -
Natural Product Reports Feb 2022Covering: through June 2021Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products recognised to date. While mostly known to humans as bioactive plant metabolites and part... (Review)
Review
Covering: through June 2021Terpenoids are the largest class of natural products recognised to date. While mostly known to humans as bioactive plant metabolites and part of essential oils, structurally diverse terpenoids are increasingly reported to be produced by microorganisms. For many of the compounds biological functions are yet unknown, but during the past years significant insights have been obtained for the role of terpenoids in microbial chemical ecology. Their functions include stress alleviation, maintenance of cell membrane integrity, photoprotection, attraction or repulsion of organisms, host growth promotion and defense. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the biosynthesis and evolution of microbial terpenoids, and their ecological and biological roles in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Perspectives on their biotechnological applications, knowledge gaps and questions for future studies are discussed.
Topics: Biological Products; Ecology; Humans; Plants; Terpenes
PubMed: 34612321
DOI: 10.1039/d1np00047k -
Enzyme and Microbial Technology Sep 2022Chitinases are present in diverse form of organisms from bacteria, fungi, insects, plants. Plant chitinases are part of pathogenesis-related proteins. When plant (host)... (Review)
Review
Chitinases are present in diverse form of organisms from bacteria, fungi, insects, plants. Plant chitinases are part of pathogenesis-related proteins. When plant (host) cells are under pathogen stress, plant chitinases are strongly expressed and hence plant chitinases play a critical part against fungal pathogens. Chitinases are also found to be involved in various abiotic stress responses like wounding, osmotic pressure, cold, heavy metal stress, salt in plants. Understanding of the plant chitinases will provide an insight for improving the pathogenic activity of various potential biocontrol strains and to develop novel pathogen resistant strategies for exploring their roles with regards to plant defense. The present review covers the detailed account of potential and relevance of plant chitinases for controlling pathogens infection in plant and prospecting to improve plant defense, growth and yield.
Topics: Chitinases; Osmotic Pressure; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Plants; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 35537378
DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110055 -
Plant Signaling & Behavior Dec 2023Sulfur is one of the essential nutrients that is required for the adequate growth and development of plants. Sulfur is a structural component of protein disulfide bonds,... (Review)
Review
Sulfur is one of the essential nutrients that is required for the adequate growth and development of plants. Sulfur is a structural component of protein disulfide bonds, amino acids, vitamins, and cofactors. Most of the sulfur in soil is present in organic matter and hence not accessible to the plants. Anionic form of sulfur (SO) is the primary source of sulfur for plants that are generally present in minimal amounts in the soil. It is water-soluble, so readily leaches out of the soil. Sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds act as signaling molecules in stress management as well as normal metabolic processes. They also take part in crosstalk of complex signaling network as a mediator molecule. Plants uptake sulfate directly from the soil by using their dedicated sulfate transporters. In addition, plants also use the sulfur transporter of a symbiotically associated organism like bacteria and fungi to uptake sulfur from the soil especially under sulfur depleted conditions. So, sulfur is a very important component of plant metabolism and its analysis with different dimensions is highly required to improve the overall well-being of plants, and dependent animals as well as human beings. The deficiency of sulfur leads to stunted growth of plants and ultimately loss of yield. In this review, we have focused on sulfur nutrition, uptake, transport, and inter-organismic transfer to host plants. Given the strong potential for agricultural use of sulfur sources and their applications, we cover what is known about sulfur impact on the plant health. We identify opportunities to expand our understanding of how the application of soil microbes like AMF or other root endophytic fungi affects plant sulfur uptake and in turn plant growth and development.
Topics: Humans; Plants; Sulfur; Sulfates; Soil; Growth and Development
PubMed: 35129079
DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2030082 -
Current Biology : CB Apr 2023Cellulose is the chief constituent of the plant cell wall and therefore is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. However, cellulose synthesis is not limited to the...
Cellulose is the chief constituent of the plant cell wall and therefore is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. However, cellulose synthesis is not limited to the plant kingdom: it is also found in a wide variety of bacteria, as well as in oomycetes, algae, slime mold, and urochordates, which are the only animals that synthesize cellulose. Nevertheless, cellulose synthesis has been mainly studied in plants and bacteria. In plants, cellulose confers mechanical support and protection against environmental stresses, and guides anisotropic cell growth. In bacteria, cellulose secretion is associated with biofilm formation, which protects cells from stresses or host immune responses and allows for community synergy in colonizing surfaces and capturing nutrients. In the context of our society, cellulose is an important part of woody plant biomass and is thus a renewable resource crucial for many industries, whereas bacterial cellulose is used for a plethora of biomedical and bioengineering applications. In addition, biofilms can reduce the susceptibility of bacteria to antibacterial agents and thus increase infection risk; understanding the molecular mechanism behind cellulose synthesis and biofilm formation is therefore of prime importance.In this primer, we aim to highlight the main differences as well as the common features of the molecular mechanism shared by the many species synthesizing cellulose across kingdoms.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Cellulose; Plants; Cell Membrane; Cell Wall; Bacteria
PubMed: 37040702
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.044 -
Journal of Experimental Botany Aug 2019Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyrosine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein... (Review)
Review
Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyrosine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), which is encoded by a single-copy gene. The sulfate group is provided by the co-substrate 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which links synthesis of sulfated signaling peptides to sulfur metabolism. The precursor proteins share a conserved DY-motif that is implicated in specifying tyrosine sulfation. Several sulfated peptides undergo additional modification such as hydroxylation of proline and glycosylation of hydroxyproline. The modifications render the secreted signaling molecules active and stable. Several sulfated signaling peptides have been shown to be perceived by leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) but have signaling pathways that, for the most part, are yet to be elucidated. Sulfated peptide hormones regulate growth and a wide variety of developmental processes, and intricately modulate immunity to pathogens. While basic research on sulfated peptides has made steady progress, their potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications has yet to be explored.
Topics: Peptide Hormones; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Plants; Sulfates
PubMed: 31231771
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz292 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Aug 2016Although major advances have been made during the past 20 years in our understanding of the genetic and genomic consequences of polyploidy, our knowledge of polyploidy... (Review)
Review
Although major advances have been made during the past 20 years in our understanding of the genetic and genomic consequences of polyploidy, our knowledge of polyploidy and the proteome is in its infancy. One of our goals is to stimulate additional study, particularly broad-scale proteomic analyses of polyploids and their progenitors. Although it may be too early to generalize regarding the extent to which transcriptomic data are predictive of the proteome of polyploids, it is clear that the proteome does not always reflect the transcriptome. Despite limited data, important observations on the proteomes of polyploids are emerging. In some cases, proteomic profiles show qualitatively and/or quantitatively non-additive patterns, and proteomic novelty has been observed. Allopolyploids generally combine the parental contributions, but there is evidence of parental dominance of one contributing genome in some allopolyploids. Autopolyploids are typically qualitatively identical to but quantitatively different from their parents. There is also evidence of parental legacy at the proteomic level. Proteomes clearly provide insights into the consequences of genomic merger and doubling beyond what is obtained from genomic and/or transcriptomic data. Translating proteomic changes in polyploids to differences in morphology and physiology remains the holy grail of polyploidy--this daunting task of linking genotype to proteome to phenotype should emerge as a focus of polyploidy research in the next decade. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
Topics: Gene Expression Profiling; Plant Proteins; Plants; Polyploidy; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 26993527
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.03.010 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Aug 2014Volatile organic compounds emitted by plants represent the largest part of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) released into our atmosphere. Plant volatiles are... (Review)
Review
Volatile organic compounds emitted by plants represent the largest part of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) released into our atmosphere. Plant volatiles are formed through many biochemical pathways, constitutively and after stress induction. In recent years, our understanding of the functions of these molecules has made constant and rapid progress. From being considered in the past as a mere waste of carbon, BVOCs have now emerged as an essential element of an invisible language that is perceived and exploited by the plants' enemies, the enemies of plant enemies, and neighbouring plants. In addition, BVOCs have important functions in protecting plants from abiotic stresses. Recent advances in our understanding of the role of BVOC in direct and indirect defences are driving further attention to these emissions. This special issue gathers some of the latest and most original research that further expands our knowledge of BVOC. BVOC emissions and functions in (1) unexplored terrestrial (including the soil) and marine environments, (2) in changing climate conditions, and (3) under anthropic pressures, or (4) in complex trophic communities are comprehensively reviewed. Stepping up from scientific awareness, the presented information shows that the manipulation and exploitation of BVOC is a realistic and promising strategy for agricultural applications and biotechnological exploitations.
Topics: Climate Change; Ecosystem; Plants; Stress, Physiological; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 24811745
DOI: 10.1111/pce.12369 -
Genes Feb 2021The molecular components of the circadian system possess the interesting feature of acting together to create a self-sustaining oscillator, while at the same time acting... (Review)
Review
The molecular components of the circadian system possess the interesting feature of acting together to create a self-sustaining oscillator, while at the same time acting individually, and in complexes, to confer phase-specific circadian control over a wide range of physiological and developmental outputs. This means that many circadian oscillator proteins are simultaneously also part of the circadian output pathway. Most studies have focused on transcriptional control of circadian rhythms, but work in plants and metazoans has shown the importance of post-transcriptional and post-translational processes within the circadian system. Here we highlight recent work describing post-translational mechanisms that impact both the function of the oscillator and the clock-controlled outputs.
Topics: Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 33668215
DOI: 10.3390/genes12030325