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International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021Plant association with microorganisms elicits dramatic effects on the local phytobiome and often causes systemic and transgenerational modulation on plant immunity... (Review)
Review
Plant association with microorganisms elicits dramatic effects on the local phytobiome and often causes systemic and transgenerational modulation on plant immunity against insect pests and microbial pathogens. Previously, we introduced the concept of the plant social networking system (pSNS) to highlight the active involvement of plants in the recruitment of potentially beneficial microbiota upon exposure to insects and pathogens. Microbial association stimulates the physiological responses of plants and induces the development of their immune mechanisms while interacting with multiple enemies. Thus, beneficial microbes serve as important mediators of interactions among multiple members of the multitrophic, microscopic and macroscopic communities. In this review, we classify the steps of pSNS such as elicitation, signaling, secreting root exudates, and plant protection; summarize, with evidence, how plants and beneficial microbes communicate with each other; and also discuss how the molecular mechanisms underlying this communication are induced in plants exposed to natural enemies. Collectively, the pSNS modulates robustness of plant physiology and immunity and promotes survival potential by helping plants to overcome the environmental and biological challenges.
Topics: Animals; Insecta; Lipids; Microbiota; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Roots; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33805032
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073319 -
Annual Review of Plant Biology Apr 2016The ability to generate haploids and subsequently induce chromosome doubling significantly accelerates the crop breeding process. Haploids have been induced through the... (Review)
Review
The ability to generate haploids and subsequently induce chromosome doubling significantly accelerates the crop breeding process. Haploids have been induced through the generation of plants from haploid tissues (in situ gynogenesis and androgenesis) and through the selective loss of a parental chromosome set via inter- or intraspecific hybridization. Here, we focus on the mechanisms responsible for this selective chromosome elimination. CENH3, a variant of the centromere-specific histone H3, has been exploited to create an efficient method of haploid induction, and we discuss this approach in some detail. Parallels have been drawn with chromosome-specific elimination, which occurs as a normal part of differentiation and sex determination in many plant and animal systems.
Topics: Centromere; Chromosomes, Plant; Genetic Engineering; Genome, Plant; Haploidy; Histones; Plant Breeding; Plants
PubMed: 26772657
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114714 -
Trends in Plant Science Nov 2016Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones, described as regulators of plant growth and development. Recently, it was proposed that these hormones might also be involved in... (Review)
Review
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones, described as regulators of plant growth and development. Recently, it was proposed that these hormones might also be involved in the biotic stress response. However, SLs do not have a universal role in plant protection, instead only playing a part in resistance to specific pathogens.
Topics: Lactones; Models, Biological; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants
PubMed: 27615727
DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.010 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jun 2021Biological invasions impose ecological and economic problems on a global scale, but also provide extraordinary opportunities for studying contemporary evolution. It is... (Review)
Review
Biological invasions impose ecological and economic problems on a global scale, but also provide extraordinary opportunities for studying contemporary evolution. It is critical to understand the evolutionary processes that underly invasion success in order to successfully manage existing invaders, and to prevent future invasions. As successful invasive species sometimes are suspected to rapidly adjust to their new environments in spite of very low genetic diversity, we are obliged to re-evaluate genomic-level processes that translate into phenotypic diversity. In this paper, we review work that supports the idea that trait variation, within and among invasive populations, can be created through epigenetic or other non-genetic processes, particularly in clonal invaders where somatic changes can persist indefinitely. We consider several processes that have been implicated as adaptive in invasion success, focusing on various forms of 'genomic shock' resulting from exposure to environmental stress, hybridization and whole-genome duplication (polyploidy), and leading to various patterns of gene expression re-programming and epigenetic changes that contribute to phenotypic variation or even novelty. These mechanisms can contribute to transgressive phenotypes, including hybrid vigour and novel traits, and may thus help to understand the huge successes of some plant invaders, especially those that are genetically impoverished. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'
Topics: Biological Evolution; Epigenesis, Genetic; Genome, Plant; Hybridization, Genetic; Introduced Species; Life History Traits; Phenotype; Plant Dispersal; Plants; Polyploidy
PubMed: 33866809
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0117 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022The agriculture sector has been put under tremendous strain by the world's growing population. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming has had a... (Review)
Review
The agriculture sector has been put under tremendous strain by the world's growing population. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in conventional farming has had a negative impact on the environment and human health. Sustainable agriculture attempts to maintain productivity, while protecting the environment and feeding the global population. The importance of soil-dwelling microbial populations in overcoming these issues cannot be overstated. Various processes such as rhizospheric competence, antibiosis, release of enzymes, and induction of systemic resistance in host plants are all used by microbes to influence plant-microbe interactions. These processes are largely founded on chemical signalling. Producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to chemicals are all part of chemical signalling. Different microbes released distinct sorts of chemical signal molecules which interacts with the environment and hosts. Microbial chemicals affect symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm growth, to name a few. We present an in-depth overview of chemical signalling between bacteria-bacteria, bacteria-fungi, and plant-microbe and the diverse roles played by these compounds in plant microbe interactions. These compounds' current and potential uses and significance in agriculture have been highlighted.
Topics: Agriculture; Bacteria; Fertilizers; Humans; Plants; Quorum Sensing; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 36012261
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168998 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Aug 2016Heterosis is characterized by higher seed yields, plant biomass or other traits in heterozygotes or hybrids compared with their genetically divergent parents, which are... (Review)
Review
Heterosis is characterized by higher seed yields, plant biomass or other traits in heterozygotes or hybrids compared with their genetically divergent parents, which are often homozygous. Despite extensive investigation of heterosis and its wide application in crops such as maize, rice, wheat and sorghum, its molecular basis is still enigmatic. In the past century, some pioneers have proposed multigene models referring to the complementation of allelic and gene expression variation, which is likely to be an important contributor to heterosis. In addition, there are potential interactions of epigenetic variation involved in heterosis via novel mechanisms. At the level of gene expression, many recent studies have revealed that the heterosis phenomenon can be deciphered not only at the transcriptional level but also at the proteomic level. This review presents an update on the information supporting the involvement of proteomic patterns in heterosis and a possible future direction of the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
Topics: Alleles; Chimera; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genetic Variation; Hybrid Vigor; Plant Proteins; Plants; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 26721744
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.12.007 -
Gene Jun 2022Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) act as "aldehyde scavengers" in plants, eliminating reactive aldehydes and hence performing a crucial part in response to stress. ALDH... (Review)
Review
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) act as "aldehyde scavengers" in plants, eliminating reactive aldehydes and hence performing a crucial part in response to stress. ALDH has been specified multiple activities since its identification in the mammalian system 72 years ago. But the most widely researched role in plants is their engagement in stress tolerance. Multiple ALDH families are found in both animals and plants, and many genes are substantially conserved within these two evolutionary diverse taxa, yet both have their unique members/families. A total of twenty-four ALDH protein family has been reported across organisms, where plants contain fourteen families. Surprisingly, the number of genes in the ALDH superfamily has risen in the higher plants because of genome duplication and expansion, indicating the functional versatilely. Observed expansion in the ALDH isoforms might provide high plasticity in their actions to achieve diversified roles in the plant. The physiological importance and functional diversity of ALDHs including plant development and environmental stress adaptability, and their evolution in plants has been studied extensively. Future investigations need to focus on evaluating the individual and interconnecting function of multiple ALDH isoforms across organisms in providing plants with proper development, maturation, and adaptability against harsh environmental conditions.
Topics: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; Aldehydes; Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Mammals; Multigene Family; Phylogeny; Plants
PubMed: 35447239
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146522 -
The New Phytologist Feb 2019Contents Summary 1247 I. Introduction 1247 II. The UVR8-COP1 pathway 1248 III. The UVR8-WRKY36 pathway 1248 IV. The UVR8-BES1/BIM1 pathway 1249 V. Other pathways 1250... (Review)
Review
Contents Summary 1247 I. Introduction 1247 II. The UVR8-COP1 pathway 1248 III. The UVR8-WRKY36 pathway 1248 IV. The UVR8-BES1/BIM1 pathway 1249 V. Other pathways 1250 VI. Conclusion and perspectives 1250 Acknowledgements 1251 References 1251 SUMMARY: Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) light is an intrinsic part of sunlight that has significant effects on plant development and acclimation responses. UVR8 (UV Resistance Locus 8) is the long sought-after UV-B photoreceptor that mediates UV-B light perception and signal transduction. UV-B irradiation induces the monomerization and nuclear accumulation of UVR8 in plant cells to activate the UV-B signaling pathway. The photoactivated UVR8 could transduce UV-B signal via multiple mechanisms to regulate transcription and plant growth. Here, we summarize current understanding of UVR8-mediated UV-B signal transduction pathways, including UVR8-COP1 (CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1) and UVR8-WRKY36 (WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 36), UVR8-BES1 (BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1) and BIM1 (BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE 1).
Topics: Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; Models, Biological; Plants; Signal Transduction; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 30315741
DOI: 10.1111/nph.15469 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2020Existing paradigms for plant microevolution rarely acknowledge the potential impacts of diverse microbiomes on evolutionary processes. Many plant-associated... (Review)
Review
Existing paradigms for plant microevolution rarely acknowledge the potential impacts of diverse microbiomes on evolutionary processes. Many plant-associated microorganisms benefit the host via access to resources, protection from pathogens, or amelioration of abiotic stress. In doing so, they alter the plant's perception of the environment, potentially reducing the strength of selection acting on plant stress tolerance or defence traits or altering the traits that are the target of selection. We posit that the microbiome can affect plant microevolution via (1) manipulation of plant phenotypes in ways that increase plant fitness under stress and (2) direct microbial responses to the environment that benefit the plant. Both mechanisms might favour plant genotypes that attract or stimulate growth of the most responsive microbial populations or communities. We provide support for these scenarios using infectious disease and quantitative genetics models. Finally, we discuss how beneficial plant-microbiome associations can evolve if traditional mechanisms maintaining cooperation in pairwise symbioses, namely partner fidelity, partner choice and fitness alignment, also apply to the interactions between plants and diverse foliar and soil microbiomes. To understand the role of the plant microbiome in host evolution will require a broad ecological understanding of plant-microbe interactions across both space and time. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Genotype; Microbiota; Phenotype; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Stress, Physiological; Symbiosis
PubMed: 32772675
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0590 -
Natural Product Reports May 2018Covering: up to 2018 Plants live in close association with a myriad of microbes that are generally harmless. However, the minority of microbes that are pathogens can... (Review)
Review
Covering: up to 2018 Plants live in close association with a myriad of microbes that are generally harmless. However, the minority of microbes that are pathogens can severely impact crop quality and yield, thereby endangering food security. By contrast, beneficial microbes provide plants with important services, such as enhanced nutrient uptake and protection against pests and diseases. Like pathogens, beneficial microbes can modulate host immunity to efficiently colonize the nutrient-rich niches within and around the roots and aerial tissues of a plant, a phenomenon mirroring the establishment of commensal microbes in the human gut. Numerous ingenious mechanisms have been described by which pathogenic and beneficial microbes in the plant microbiome communicate with their host, including the delivery of immune-suppressive effector proteins and the production of phytohormones, toxins and other bioactive molecules. Plants signal to their associated microbes via exudation of photosynthetically fixed carbon sources, quorum-sensing mimicry molecules and selective secondary metabolites such as strigolactones and flavonoids. Molecular communication thus forms an integral part of the establishment of both beneficial and pathogenic plant-microbe relations. Here, we review the current knowledge on microbe-derived small molecules that can act as signalling compounds to stimulate plant growth and health by beneficial microbes on the one hand, but also as weapons for plant invasion by pathogens on the other. As an exemplary case, we used comparative genomics to assess the small molecule biosynthetic capabilities of the Pseudomonas genus; a genus rich in both plant pathogenic and beneficial microbes. We highlight the biosynthetic potential of individual microbial genomes and the population at large, providing evidence for the hypothesis that the distinction between detrimental and beneficial microbes is increasingly fading. Knowledge on the biosynthesis and molecular activity of microbial small molecules will aid in the development of successful biological agents boosting crop resiliency in a sustainable manner and could also provide scientific routes to pathogen inhibition or eradication.
Topics: Bacterial Toxins; Cytokinins; Genome, Microbial; Gibberellins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mycotoxins; Plant Growth Regulators; Plants; Pseudomonas; Secondary Metabolism; Siderophores; Symbiosis
PubMed: 29756135
DOI: 10.1039/c7np00062f