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Phytomedicine : International Journal... Jun 2023Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, lead is still used worldwide in several applications, especially in industry. Both environmental and industrial lead... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, lead is still used worldwide in several applications, especially in industry. Both environmental and industrial lead exposures remain a public health problem in many developing and rapidly industrializing countries. Plant polyphenols are pleiotropic in their function and have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy.
PURPOSE
To summarize available pre-clinical and limited clinical evidence on plant polyphenols as potential antidotes against lead poisoning and discuss toxic mechanisms of lead.
METHOD
A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed publications was performed from core collections of electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Articles written in English-language from inception until December 2022 were selected.
RESULTS
In this review, we review key toxic mechanisms of lead and its pathological effects on the neurological, reproductive, renal, cardiovascular, hematological, and hepatic systems. We focus on plant polyphenols against lead toxicity and involved mechanisms. Finally, we address scientific gaps and challenges associated with translating these promising preclinical discoveries into effective clinical therapies.
CONCLUSION
While preclinical evidence suggests that plant polyphenols exhibit bioprotective effects against lead toxicity, scant and equivocal clinical data highlight a need for clinical trials with those polyphenols.
Topics: Humans; Polyphenols; Lead; Lead Poisoning
PubMed: 37004401
DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154789 -
Veterinary Pathology Jan 2020Toxicity related to consumption of has been described in ruminants in some countries. This report describes the clinical and pathological findings of toxicosis in 3...
Toxicity related to consumption of has been described in ruminants in some countries. This report describes the clinical and pathological findings of toxicosis in 3 beef cattle herds located in 2 different areas of Sicily, Italy. Outbreaks were observed after grazing in poor winter pasture where was abundant. Mean morbidity and mortality were 29% and 21%, respectively. Most of the affected animals (6 to 36 months old) showed anorexia, weight loss, and pollakiuria culminating in recumbency and death. Occasionally, abortion and neurological signs were observed. In animals with acute signs, there was a moderate decrease of sodium and chloride concentrations in serum. Animals with chronic signs showed an increase of serum urea, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and phosphorus and a decrease in total serum protein, calcium, chloride, and magnesium concentrations. Moderate anemia and slight neutropenia, lymphocytosis, and eosinophilia were detected in all groups. At necropsy, the main lesion was severe distention of the urinary bladder with turbid hemorrhagic urine and crystalluria. Histologically, chronic cystitis, interstitial nephritis, eosinophilic enteritis, and nonsuppurative necrotizing hepatitis were observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of toxicosis in cattle in Italy.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cistus; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Italy; Nephritis, Interstitial; Plant Poisoning; Pregnancy; Seasons
PubMed: 31662123
DOI: 10.1177/0300985819880346 -
Fitoterapia Nov 2018Paraquat dichloride, a herbicide used for weed and grass control, is extremely toxic to humans and animals. The mechanisms of toxicity involve the redox cycling of... (Review)
Review
Paraquat dichloride, a herbicide used for weed and grass control, is extremely toxic to humans and animals. The mechanisms of toxicity involve the redox cycling of paraquat resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species and the depletion of the cellular NADPH. The major cause of death in paraquat poisoning is respiratory failure due to its specific uptake by and oxidative insult to the alveolar epithelial cells and inflammation with subsequent obliterating fibrosis. Paraquat also causes selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, reproducing an important pathological feature of Parkinson disease. Currently, there are no antidotes for the treatment of paraquat poisoning and therapeutic management is mostly supportive and directed towards changing the disposition of the poison. The lack of effective treatments against paraquat poisoning has led to the exploration of novel compounds with antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, there is an interest in plant compounds, particularly those used in traditional medicine. Phytochemicals have been highlighted as a possible therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases due to their putative efficacies and safety. In this review, the status of plant extracts and traditional medicines in ameliorating the toxicity of paraquat is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Herbicides; Humans; NADP; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Paraquat; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Poisoning; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 30359726
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.10.026 -
Current Drug Targets 2016Epidemiological studies provide a growing number of evidences that chronic exposure to relatively low levels of cadmium (Cd), nowadays taking place in industrialized... (Review)
Review
Epidemiological studies provide a growing number of evidences that chronic exposure to relatively low levels of cadmium (Cd), nowadays taking place in industrialized countries, may cause health hazard. Thus, growing interest has been focused on effective ways of protection from adverse effects of exposure to this heavy metal. Because numerous effects to Cd's toxic action result from its prooxidative properties, it seems reasonable that special attention should be directed to agents that can prevent or reduce this metal-induced oxidative stress and its consequences in tissues, organs and systems at risk of toxicity, including liver, kidneys, testes, ears, eyes, cardiovascular system and nervous system as well as bone tissue. This review discusses a wide range of natural (plant and animal origin) and synthetic antioxidants together with many plant extracts (e.g. black and green tea, Aronia melanocarpa, Allium sativum, Allium cepa, Ocimum sanctum, Phoenix dactylifera, Physalis peruviana, Zingiber officinale) that have been shown to prevent from Cd toxicity. Moreover, some attention has been focused on the fact that substances not possessing antioxidative potential may also prevent Cd-induced oxidative stress and its consequences. So far, most of the data on the protective effects of the natural and synthetic antioxidants and plant extracts come from studies in animals' models; however, numerous of them seem to be promising preventive/therapeutic strategies for Cd toxicity in humans. Further investigation of prophylactic and therapeutic use of antioxidants in populations exposed to Cd environmentally and occupationally is warranted, given that therapeutically effective chelation therapy for this toxic metal is currently lacking.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Cadmium; Environmental Exposure; Heavy Metal Poisoning; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Oxidative Stress; Plant Extracts; Plants, Medicinal; Poisoning
PubMed: 25944010
DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150506114336 -
Toxicon : Official Journal of the... Oct 2021Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae) is a plant widely distributed in several regions of Brazil, occurring in the phytogeographic domains of Atlantic... (Review)
Review
Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong (Fabaceae) is a plant widely distributed in several regions of Brazil, occurring in the phytogeographic domains of Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Caatinga. Cases of serious poisoning in cattle, goats, and sheep in the country caused by the ingestion of beans of this species have been reported by several studies. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review of cases of poisoning by E. contortisiliquum in ruminants and list the main chemical compounds isolated from this plant. For this, searches were performed in the Google Academic, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. A total of 26 articles published in the last 20 years (2001-2021) were included. Studies on cases of natural and experimental poisoning indicate that this species mainly causes photosensitization, abortions, digestive problems, and acute ruminal lactic acidosis in animals that ingest the pods of the plant. The main chemical compounds that occur in the species belong to the triterpene saponins, monoterpene, phenylpropene, and triterpene classes. It is likely that triterpene saponins isolated from E. contortisiliquum are associated with reported cases of photosensitization in cattle. New studies must be conducted to assess the mechanisms of action of chemical compounds isolated from this species in in vivo systems.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Fabaceae; Photosensitivity Disorders; Plant Poisoning; Ruminants; Sheep
PubMed: 34411592
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.08.008 -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Dec 2018Datura plants contain anticholinergic properties. Consumers may present with a spectrum of anticholinergic symptoms, including hallucination, agitation, tachycardia,...
Datura plants contain anticholinergic properties. Consumers may present with a spectrum of anticholinergic symptoms, including hallucination, agitation, tachycardia, delirium, hyperthermia, and dilated pupils. Prompt identification of the symptoms with appropriate treatment can be life-saving. Some patients might not be able to provide history and therefore recognition of toxidromes is imperative. Awareness should be built among the public who may be exposed to such fruits or plants.
Topics: Adult; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Datura; Female; Fruit; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physostigmine; Plant Poisoning
PubMed: 30647232
DOI: No ID Found -
Toxins Dec 2015Alkaloids, nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites, are of major interest to veterinary toxicology because of their occurrence in plant species commonly involved... (Review)
Review
Alkaloids, nitrogen-containing secondary plant metabolites, are of major interest to veterinary toxicology because of their occurrence in plant species commonly involved in animal poisoning. Based on epidemiological data, the poisoning of cattle and horses by alkaloid-containing plants is a relatively common occurrence in Europe. Poisoning may occur when the plants contaminate hay or silage or when forage alternatives are unavailable. Cattle and horses are particularly at risk of poisoning by Colchicum autumnale (meadow saffron), Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Equisetum palustre (marsh horsetail), Senecio spp. (ragwort and groundsel) and Taxus baccata (European yew). This review of poisonous alkaloid-containing plants describes the distribution of these plants, conditions under which poisoning occurs, active toxic principles involved and subsequent clinical signs observed.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Cattle; Europe; Horses; Piperidines; Plants, Toxic
PubMed: 26670251
DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124884 -
Archives of Toxicology Jun 2020Arsenic (As) is widely used in the modern industry, especially in the production of pesticides, herbicides, wood preservatives, and semiconductors. The sources of As... (Review)
Review
Arsenic (As) is widely used in the modern industry, especially in the production of pesticides, herbicides, wood preservatives, and semiconductors. The sources of As such as contaminated water, air, soil, but also food, can cause serious human diseases. The complex mechanism of As toxicity in the human body is associated with the generation of free radicals and the induction of oxidative damage in the cell. One effective strategy in reducing the toxic effects of As is the usage of chelating agents, which provide the formation of inert chelator-metal complexes with their further excretion from the body. This review discusses different aspects of the use of metal chelators, alone or in combination, in the treatment of As poisoning. Consideration is given to the therapeutic effect of thiol chelators such as meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid, sodium 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonate, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, penicillamine, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and other recent agents against As toxicity. The review also considers the possible role of flavonoids, trace elements, and herbal drugs as promising natural chelating and detoxifying agents.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Arsenic Poisoning; Arsenicals; Chelating Agents; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Humans; Plant Preparations; Risk Assessment; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32388818
DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02739-w -
Toxicon : Official Journal of the... Oct 2019
Topics: Animals; Congresses as Topic; Humans; Livestock; Plant Poisoning; Plants, Toxic; Toxins, Biological
PubMed: 31326507
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.07.009 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023The United States National Cancer Institute defines a biomarker as: "A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or... (Review)
Review
The United States National Cancer Institute defines a biomarker as: "A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease." In Veterinary Medicine, biomarkers associated with plant poisonings of livestock have great utility. Since grazing livestock poisoned by toxic plants are often found dead, biomarkers of plant poisoning allow for a more rapid postmortem diagnosis and response to prevent further deaths. The presence and concentration of toxins in poisonous plants are biomarkers of risk for livestock poisoning that can be measured by the chemical analysis of plant material. More difficult is, the detection of plant toxins or biomarkers in biological samples from intoxicated or deceased animals. The purpose of this article is to review potential biomarkers of plant poisoning in grazing livestock in the Western North America including recently investigated non-invasive sampling techniques. Plants discussed include larkspur, lupine, water hemlock, swainsonine-containing plants, selenium-containing plants, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing plants. Other factors such as animal age and sex that affect plant biomarker concentrations are also discussed.
PubMed: 36908517
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1104702