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Microbiology (Reading, England) Nov 2020Expansins, cerato-platanins and swollenins (which we will henceforth refer to as expansin-related proteins) are a group of microbial proteins involved in microbe-plant... (Review)
Review
Expansins, cerato-platanins and swollenins (which we will henceforth refer to as expansin-related proteins) are a group of microbial proteins involved in microbe-plant interactions. Although they share very low sequence similarity, some of their composing domains are near-identical at the structural level. Expansin-related proteins have their target in the plant cell wall, in which they act through a non-enzymatic, but still uncharacterized, mechanism. In most cases, mutagenesis of expansin-related genes affects plant colonization or plant pathogenesis of different bacterial and fungal species, and thus, in many cases they are considered virulence factors. Additionally, plant treatment with expansin-related proteins activate several plant defenses resulting in the priming and protection towards subsequent pathogen encounters. Plant-defence responses induced by these proteins are reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity or hypersensitive response in some cases. Plant immunity to expansin-related proteins could be caused by the following: (i) protein detection by specific host-cell receptors, (ii) alterations to the cell-wall-barrier properties sensed by the host, (iii) displacement of cell-wall polysaccharides detected by the host. Expansin-related proteins may also target polysaccharides on the wall of the microbes that produced them under certain physiological instances. Here, we review biochemical, evolutionary and biological aspects of these relatively understudied proteins and different immune responses they induce in plant hosts.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Cell Wall; Evolution, Molecular; Fungal Proteins; Host Microbial Interactions; Plant Cells; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 33141007
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000984 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins form a large protein family in land plants, with hundreds of different members in angiosperms. In the last decade, a number of... (Review)
Review
Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins form a large protein family in land plants, with hundreds of different members in angiosperms. In the last decade, a number of studies have shown that PPR proteins are sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins involved in multiple aspects of plant organellar RNA processing, and perform numerous functions in plants throughout their life cycle. Recently, computational and structural studies have provided new insights into the working mechanisms of PPR proteins in RNA recognition and cytidine deamination. In this review, we summarized the research progress on the functions of PPR proteins in plant growth and development, with a particular focus on their effects on cytoplasmic male sterility, stress responses, and seed development. We also documented the molecular mechanisms of PPR proteins in mediating RNA processing in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 34681932
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011274 -
Enzyme and Microbial Technology Sep 2022Chitinases are present in diverse form of organisms from bacteria, fungi, insects, plants. Plant chitinases are part of pathogenesis-related proteins. When plant (host)... (Review)
Review
Chitinases are present in diverse form of organisms from bacteria, fungi, insects, plants. Plant chitinases are part of pathogenesis-related proteins. When plant (host) cells are under pathogen stress, plant chitinases are strongly expressed and hence plant chitinases play a critical part against fungal pathogens. Chitinases are also found to be involved in various abiotic stress responses like wounding, osmotic pressure, cold, heavy metal stress, salt in plants. Understanding of the plant chitinases will provide an insight for improving the pathogenic activity of various potential biocontrol strains and to develop novel pathogen resistant strategies for exploring their roles with regards to plant defense. The present review covers the detailed account of potential and relevance of plant chitinases for controlling pathogens infection in plant and prospecting to improve plant defense, growth and yield.
Topics: Chitinases; Osmotic Pressure; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Plants; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 35537378
DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110055 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Feb 2015Intracellular immune receptors with nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich domains (NLRs) are found in both plants and animals. Compared to animals, NLR-encoding gene families... (Review)
Review
Intracellular immune receptors with nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich domains (NLRs) are found in both plants and animals. Compared to animals, NLR-encoding gene families are expanded, more prevalent and have enriched diversity in higher plants. Strong host defense triggered by the recognition of specific pathogen effectors constitutes a major part of the plant immune response that has long been exploited to breed crops for enhanced resistance. Although the first plant NLR genes were cloned about 20 years ago, their signaling mechanisms remain obscure. Here we review recent progress in plant NLR studies, focusing on their pathogen recognition, homeostasis control and potential signaling activation mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Homeostasis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Multigene Family; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; Receptors, Immunologic; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 25667191
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.014 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Oct 2016Sugars fuel life and exert numerous regulatory actions that are fundamental to all life forms. There are two principal mechanisms underlie sugar 'perception and signal... (Review)
Review
Sugars fuel life and exert numerous regulatory actions that are fundamental to all life forms. There are two principal mechanisms underlie sugar 'perception and signal transduction' in biological systems. Direct sensing and signaling is triggered via sugar-binding sensors with a broad range of affinity and specificity, whereas sugar-derived bioenergetic molecules and metabolites modulate signaling proteins and indirectly relay sugar signals. This review discusses the emerging sugar signals and potential sugar sensors discovered in plant systems. The findings leading to informative understanding of physiological regulation by sugars are considered and assessed. Comparative transcriptome analyses highlight the primary and dynamic sugar responses and reveal the convergent and specific regulators of key biological processes in the sugar-signaling network.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Signal Transduction; Transcriptome
PubMed: 27423125
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.018 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Aug 2018The late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) family is composed of a diverse collection of multidomain and multifunctional proteins found in all three domains of the tree of... (Review)
Review
The late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) family is composed of a diverse collection of multidomain and multifunctional proteins found in all three domains of the tree of life, but they are particularly common in plants. Most members of the family are known to play an important role in abiotic stress response and stress tolerance in plants but are also part of the plant hypersensitive response to pathogen infection. The mechanistic basis for LEA protein functionality is still poorly understood. The group of LEA 2 proteins harbor one or more copies of a unique domain, the ater stress and persensitive response (WHy) domain. This domain sequence has recently been identified as a unique open reading frame (ORF) in some bacterial genomes (mostly in the phylum ), and the recombinant bacterial WHy protein has been shown to exhibit a stress tolerance phenotype in and an protein denaturation protective function. Multidomain phylogenetic analyses suggest that the WHy protein gene sequence may have ancestral origins in the domain , with subsequent acquisition in and eukaryotes via endosymbiont or horizontal gene transfer mechanisms. Here, we review the structure, function, and nomenclature of LEA proteins, with a focus on the WHy domain as an integral component of the LEA constructs and as an independent protein.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Domains
PubMed: 29802195
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00539-18 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Dec 2015Plant growth and development are coordinately controlled by intercellular signaling molecules. CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides are... (Review)
Review
Plant growth and development are coordinately controlled by intercellular signaling molecules. CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptides are crucial intercellular signaling molecules that control plant meristem maintenance. CLE peptides are perceived by plasma membrane-located receptor-like kinases, followed by the initiation of intracellular signaling cascades. Recent studies have uncovered these intracellular signaling networks involving signal divergence and integration. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of TDIF peptide signaling pathway, a representative model of CLE peptide signaling, focusing on newly uncovered biological functions and unique signal transduction mechanisms.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plant Proteins; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26550938
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.002 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Feb 2022Increasing population and depletion of resources have paved the way to find sustainable and nutritious alternative protein sources. Pulses have been identified as a... (Review)
Review
Increasing population and depletion of resources have paved the way to find sustainable and nutritious alternative protein sources. Pulses have been identified as a nutritious and inexpensive alternative source of protein that can meet this market demand. Pulses can be converted into protein concentrates and isolates through dry and wet separation techniques. Wet extraction results in relatively pure protein isolates but less sustainable due to higher energy requirements and high waste generation. Dry separation focuses on ingredient functionality rather than molecular level purity. These extracted pulse protein ingredients can be incorporated into different food systems to increase the nutritional value and to achieve the desired functionality. But many plant-based alternative proteins including pulses, face several formulation challenges especially in nutritional, sensory, and functional aspects. Native pulse protein ingredients can contain antinutrients, beany flavor, and undesirable functionality. Modification by biological (enzymatic, fermentation), chemical (acylation, deamidation, glycosylation, phosphorylation), and physical (cold plasma, extrusion, heat, high pressure, ultrasound) methods or a combination of these can improve pulse protein ingredients at the macro and micro level for their desired use. These modification processes will thermodynamically change the structural and conformational characteristics of proteins and expect to improve the quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Fabaceae; Food Technology; Humans; Nutritive Value; Plant Proteins; Taste
PubMed: 34586636
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11548 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Apr 2015The plant metabolome is the readout of plant physiological status and is regarded as the bridge between the genome and the phenome of plants. Unraveling the natural... (Review)
Review
The plant metabolome is the readout of plant physiological status and is regarded as the bridge between the genome and the phenome of plants. Unraveling the natural variation and the underlying genetic basis of plant metabolism has received increasing interest from plant biologists. Enabled by the recent advances in high-throughput profiling and genotyping technologies, metabolite-based genome-wide association study (mGWAS) has emerged as a powerful alternative forward genetics strategy to dissect the genetic and biochemical bases of metabolism in model and crop plants. In this review, recent progress and applications of mGWAS in understanding the genetic control of plant metabolism and in interactive functional genomics and metabolomics are presented. Further directions and perspectives of mGWAS in plants are also discussed.
Topics: Genome-Wide Association Study; Metabolome; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 25637954
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.01.006 -
Planta Apr 2016Recent investigations have provided important new insights into the structures and functions of the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. This review is an update of the... (Review)
Review
Recent investigations have provided important new insights into the structures and functions of the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II. This review is an update of the last major review on the extrinsic proteins of Photosystem II (Bricker et al., Biochemistry 31:4623-4628 2012). In this report, we will examine advances in our understanding of the structure and function of these components. These proteins include PsbO, which is uniformly present in all oxygenic organisms, the PsbU, PsbV, CyanoQ, and CyanoP proteins, found in the cyanobacteria, and the PsbP, PsbQ and PsbR proteins, found in the green plant lineage. These proteins serve to stabilize the Mn4CaO5 cluster and optimize oxygen evolution at physiological calcium and chloride concentrations. The mechanisms used to perform these functions, however, remain poorly understood. Recently, important new findings have significantly advanced our understanding of the structures, locations and functions of these important subunits. We will discuss the biochemical, structural and genetic studies that have been used to elucidate the roles played by these proteins within the photosystem and their locations within the photosynthetic complex. Additionally, we will examine open questions needing to be addressed to provide a coherent picture of the role of these components within the photosystem.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Chlorophyta; Cyanobacteria; Hydrogen Bonding; Photosystem II Protein Complex; Plant Proteins; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 26759350
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2462-6