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The Journal of the American Osteopathic... Feb 2018Verrucae plantaris (plantar warts) are common cutaneous lesions of the plantar aspect of the foot that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Ubiquitous in our... (Review)
Review
Verrucae plantaris (plantar warts) are common cutaneous lesions of the plantar aspect of the foot that are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Ubiquitous in our environment, asymptomatic infection with HPV occurs frequently, with most infections controlled or cleared by cellular and humoral immune responses. However, certain populations have been observed to manifest plantar warts at higher rates compared with the general population, placing them at increased risk for wart-induced pain and complications. Plantar warts shed HPV, which can then infect other sites in the plantar region or spread to other people. Although controlling risk factors is useful in preventing infection, the pervasive nature of HPV makes these preventive measures frequently impractical. This literature review outlines the current knowledge regarding the relationship between plantar wart pathophysiology, HPV transmission, and epidemiologic characteristics. Given the high propensity for treatment resistance of plantar warts and no established, practical, and reliable method of prevention, HPV prophylaxis for populations that demonstrate high rates of plantar warts may be of benefit in controlling the spread of lesions.
Topics: Cryotherapy; Female; Foot Diseases; Humans; Laser Therapy; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Risk Factors; Salicylic Acid; Warts
PubMed: 29379975
DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2018.024 -
Journal of Evidence-based Medicine Sep 2022Cutaneous warts caused by human papillomavirus are benign proliferative lesions that occur at any ages in human lives. Updated, comprehensive and systematic...
AIM
Cutaneous warts caused by human papillomavirus are benign proliferative lesions that occur at any ages in human lives. Updated, comprehensive and systematic evidence-based guidelines to guide clinical practice are urgently needed.
METHODS
We collaborated with multidisciplinary experts to formulate this guideline based on evidences of already published literature, focusing on 13 clinical questions elected by a panel of experts. We adopted Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to form classification of recommendations as well as the improved Delphi method to retain respective recommendations with a consensus degree of over 80%.
RESULTS
Our guideline covered aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous warts such as diagnostic gold standard, transmission routes, laboratory tests, treatment principle, clinical cure criterion, definitions, and treatments of common warts, flat warts, plantar warts, condyloma acuminatum, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Recommendations about special population such as children and pregnant women are also listed. In total, 49 recommendations have been obtained.
CONCLUSIONS
It is a comprehensive and systematic evidence-based guideline and we hope this guideline could systematically and effectively guide the clinical practice of cutaneous warts and improve the overall levels of medical services.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Pregnancy; Warts
PubMed: 36117295
DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12494 -
American Family Physician Jan 2018The differential diagnosis of heel pain is extensive, but a mechanical etiology is the most common. The specific anatomic location of the pain can help guide diagnosis....
The differential diagnosis of heel pain is extensive, but a mechanical etiology is the most common. The specific anatomic location of the pain can help guide diagnosis. The most common diagnosis is plantar fasciitis, which leads to medial plantar heel pain, especially with the first weight-bearing steps after rest. Other causes of plantar heel pain include calcaneal stress fractures (progressively worsening pain after an increase in activity or change to a harder walking surface), nerve entrapment or neuroma (pain accompanied by burning, tingling, or numbness), heel pad syndrome (deep, bruise-like pain in the middle of the heel), and plantar warts. Achilles tendinopathy is a common cause of posterior heel pain; other tendinopathies result in pain localized to the insertion site of the affected tendon. Posterior heel pain can also be attributed to Haglund deformity (a prominence of the calcaneus that may lead to retrocalcaneal bursa inflammation) or Sever disease (calcaneal apophysitis common in children and adolescents). Medial midfoot heel pain, particularly with prolonged weight bearing, may be due to tarsal tunnel syndrome, which is caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve. Sinus tarsi syndrome manifests as lateral midfoot heel pain and a feeling of instability, particularly with increased activity or walking on uneven surfaces.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Foot Diseases; Heel; Humans; Pain; Pain Management
PubMed: 29365222
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous warts are common lesions in children caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and for most lesions spontaneously resolve within months of the initial infection, regardless of treatment. The infection is most prevalent in the second decade of life affecting over 40% of children. Studies have demonstrated wart virus carriage on normal skin is higher in children with active lesions and family members. Subtypes HPV 2, HPV 27, HPV 57 and HPV 63 are particularly common in paediatric populations. Warts arising on the plantar surface of the foot (verrucae) can be particularly problematic owing to the location. They may interfere with daily activities causing pain and embarrassment. Plantar lesions have been shown to be more resistant to treatment than warts elsewhere on the skin. Systematic reviews and studies conducted over the last decade have demonstrated little evidence of innovation or effective improvements in treatment of recalcitrant lesions over the last 30 years. However, newer modalities such as immunotherapy (using injected vaccines) and hyperthermia using microwave treatment may hold promise in improving the treatment of these common and therapeutically frustrating lesions.
Topics: Humans; Child; Papillomavirus Infections; Foot Diseases; Warts; Skin; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 36554279
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416400 -
Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and... Jul 2016Viral warts or verruca pedis (plantar warts) are common skin conditions seen in both children and adults. Human papilloma virus (HPV), a DNA virus, is responsible for... (Review)
Review
Viral warts or verruca pedis (plantar warts) are common skin conditions seen in both children and adults. Human papilloma virus (HPV), a DNA virus, is responsible for plantar verrucae. It needs an epidermal abrasion and a transiently impaired immune system to inoculate a keratinocyte. These entities are a therapeutic conundrum for many practitioners. This article discusses HPV infiltration and its subtypes involved in plantar warts; the evaluation of patients with plantar warts; and subsequent treatment options, such as laser, Candida albicans immunotherapy, topical therapy such as phytotherapy, and surgical excision.
Topics: Foot Diseases; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Warts
PubMed: 27215155
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2016.02.003 -
Dermatologic Therapy Jan 2021There are a wide variety of treatments for plantar warts, but none has been shown to be effective in all patients. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the... (Review)
Review
There are a wide variety of treatments for plantar warts, but none has been shown to be effective in all patients. We aimed to perform a systematic review of the efficacy of different topical treatments on plantar warts. Systematic electronic searches (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science) were conducted in April 2020. Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and retrospective or prospective clinical trials of the effects of topical and nonsurgical treatments of plantar warts were included. Two authors performed the study selection and data extraction. Any discrepancies between the two reviewers were discussed with a third reviewer. Forty-four studies were included. The average cure rates of the most frequent treatments were variable across the studies: cryotherapy (45.61%), salicylic acid (13.6%), cantharidin-podophyllin-salicylic acid formulation (97.82%), laser (79.36%), topical antivirals (72.45%), intralesional bleomycin (83.37%), and intralesional immunotherapy (68.14%). Twenty-two studies (50%) had a level of evidence 1b and grade of recommendation A, five studies (11.4%) had a level of evidence 2b and grade of recommendation B, two studies (4.5%) had a level of evidence 3b and grade of recommendation B, and 15 studies (34,1%) with a level of evidence 4 and grade of recommendation C. First-choice treatments for common warts, such as cryotherapy and salicylic acid, have low-cure rates for plantar warts. Other treatments, such as CPA formulation, immunotherapy, and intralesional bleomycin, which have compassionate use, have higher cure rates. This review should stimulate future high-quality research to evaluate these specialized treatments.
Topics: Cryotherapy; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Salicylic Acid; Warts
PubMed: 33263934
DOI: 10.1111/dth.14621 -
Primary Care Mar 2022Primary care physicians provide a wide variety of treatments and conditions affecting the foot. This article discusses the removal of toenails, both full and partial... (Review)
Review
Primary care physicians provide a wide variety of treatments and conditions affecting the foot. This article discusses the removal of toenails, both full and partial removal. Subungual hematoma/Subungual blistering evacuation as well as wart, corn, callus, and blister management will also be discussed.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Foot Dermatoses; Humans; Nails; Onychomycosis
PubMed: 35125159
DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2021.10.010 -
Nature Communications Sep 2017Infectious diseases have a profound impact on our health and many studies suggest that host genetics play a major role in the pathogenesis of most of them. We perform 23...
Infectious diseases have a profound impact on our health and many studies suggest that host genetics play a major role in the pathogenesis of most of them. We perform 23 genome-wide association studies for common infections and infection-associated procedures, including chickenpox, shingles, cold sores, mononucleosis, mumps, hepatitis B, plantar warts, positive tuberculosis test results, strep throat, scarlet fever, pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, yeast infections, urinary tract infections, tonsillectomy, childhood ear infections, myringotomy, measles, hepatitis A, rheumatic fever, common colds, rubella and chronic sinus infection, in over 200,000 individuals of European ancestry. We detect 59 genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10) associations in genes with key roles in immunity and embryonic development. We apply fine-mapping analysis to dissect associations in the human leukocyte antigen region, which suggests important roles of specific amino acid polymorphisms in the antigen-binding clefts. Our findings provide an important step toward dissecting the host genetic architecture of response to common infections.Susceptibility to infectious diseases is, among others, influenced by the genetic landscape of the host. Here, Tian and colleagues perform genome-wide association studies for 23 common infections and find 59 risk loci for 17 of these, both within the HLA region and non-HLA loci.
Topics: Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Case-Control Studies; Chickenpox; Chronic Disease; Common Cold; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genome-Wide Association Study; HLA Antigens; Hepatitis A; Hepatitis B; Herpes Labialis; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Infections; Infectious Mononucleosis; Male; Measles; Meningitis, Bacterial; Middle Ear Ventilation; Mumps; Otitis Media; Pharyngitis; Pneumonia; Rheumatic Fever; Rubella; Scarlet Fever; Sinusitis; Streptococcal Infections; Tonsillectomy; Tonsillitis; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis; Urinary Tract Infections; Warts; White People
PubMed: 28928442
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00257-5