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Platelets Jan 2022The supply of platelets for transfusion is a logistical challenge due to the physiology of platelets and current measures of transfusion performance dictating storage at... (Review)
Review
The supply of platelets for transfusion is a logistical challenge due to the physiology of platelets and current measures of transfusion performance dictating storage at 22°C and a short product shelf-life (<7 days). Demand for platelets has increased in recent years and changes in the demographics of the population may enhance this further. Many studies have been conducted to understand what the optimal dose and trigger for transfusion should be, mainly in hematology patients who are the largest cohort that receive platelets, mostly to prevent bleeding. Emerging data suggests that for bleeding patients, where immediate hemostasis is a key consideration, the current standard product may not be optimal. Alternative platelet preparation methods/storage options that may improve the hemostatic properties of platelets are under active development. In parallel with research into alternative platelet products that might enhance hemostasis, better measures for assessing bleeding risk and platelet efficacy are needed.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans; Platelet Transfusion
PubMed: 34392769
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1961711 -
Current Opinion in Hematology Jan 2024Activated or aged platelets are removed from circulation under (patho)physiologic conditions, the exact mechanism of platelet clearance under such conditions remains... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Activated or aged platelets are removed from circulation under (patho)physiologic conditions, the exact mechanism of platelet clearance under such conditions remains unclear and are currently being investigated. This review focuses on recent findings and controversies regarding platelet clearance and the disruption of platelet life cycle.
RECENT FINDINGS
The platelet life span is determined by glycosylation of platelet surface receptors with sialic acid. Recently, it was shown that platelet activation and granule release leads to desialylation of glycans and accelerated clearance of platelets under pathological conditions. This phenomenon was demonstrated to be a main reason for thrombocytopenia being a complication in several infections and immune disorders.
SUMMARY
Although we have recently gained some insight into how aged platelets are cleared from circulation, we are still not seeing the full picture. Further investigations of the platelet clearance pathways under pathophysiologic conditions are needed as well as studies to unravel the connection between platelet clearance and platelet production.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Blood Platelets; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; Polysaccharides; Thrombocytopenia; Cellular Senescence; Cytophagocytosis
PubMed: 37905750
DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000792 -
Platelets May 2020Platelets are small, anucleated effector cells that play an important role in linking the hemostatic and inflammatory processes in the body. Platelet function is known... (Review)
Review
Platelets are small, anucleated effector cells that play an important role in linking the hemostatic and inflammatory processes in the body. Platelet function is known to be altered under various inflammatory conditions including aging. A gain in platelet function during aging can increase the risk of thrombotic events, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction. Anti-platelet therapy is designed to reduce risk of serious cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events, but the adverse consequences of therapy, such as risk for bleeding increases with aging as well. Age-associated comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia also contribute to increased platelet activity and thus can enhance the risk of thrombosis. Therefore, identification of unique mechanisms of platelet dysfunction in aging and in age-associated comorbidities is warranted to design novel antiplatelet drugs. This review outlines some of the current areas of research on aging-related mechanisms of platelet hyperactivity and addresses the clinical urgency for designing anti-platelet therapies toward novel molecular targets in the aging population.
Topics: Aged; Aging; Animals; Blood Platelet Disorders; Blood Platelets; Comorbidity; Humans; Inflammation; Oxidative Stress; Platelet Activation; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Thrombosis
PubMed: 31524038
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1665641 -
Platelets Mar 2017
Topics: Blood Platelets; Hematology; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Secretory Vesicles; Workforce
PubMed: 28281920
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1277676 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2020Platelet concentrates (PCs), mostly represented by platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) are autologous biological blood-derived products that may... (Review)
Review
Platelet concentrates (PCs), mostly represented by platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) are autologous biological blood-derived products that may combine plasma/platelet-derived bioactive components, together with fibrin-forming protein able to create a natural three-dimensional scaffold. These types of products are safely used in clinical applications due to the autologous-derived source and the minimally invasive application procedure. In this narrative review, we focus on three main topics concerning the use of platelet concentrate for treating musculoskeletal conditions: (a) the different procedures to prepare PCs, (b) the composition of PCs that is related to the type of methodological procedure adopted and (c) the clinical application in musculoskeletal medicine, efficacy and main limits of the different studies.
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelets; Blood Specimen Collection; Humans; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Platelet-Rich Plasma
PubMed: 32079117
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041328 -
Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis Jul 2024
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans
PubMed: 38588703
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1785653 -
Transfusion Medicine Reviews Oct 2015MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short ~22-nucleotide noncoding RNA that have been found to influence the expression of many genes and cellular processes by either repressing... (Review)
Review
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short ~22-nucleotide noncoding RNA that have been found to influence the expression of many genes and cellular processes by either repressing translation or degrading messenger RNA transcripts. Platelet miRNA expression has been shown to be perturbed during ex vivo storage of platelets and in platelet-associated disorders. Although bioinformatics-based miRNA target predictions have been established, direct experimental validation of the role of miRNAs in platelet biology has been rather slow. Target prediction studies are, nonetheless, valuable in directing the design of appropriate experiments to test specific miRNA:messenger RNA interactions relevant to the underlying mechanisms of platelet function in general and in disease as well as in ex vivo storage-associated "storage lesions," a collective term used to include physiologic, biochemical, and morphologic changes that occur in stored platelets. This brief review will focus on emerging human platelet miRNA studies to emphasize their potential role relevant to transfusion medicine field in terms of regulating platelet signaling pathways, markers of platelet associated disorders, and remote impactors of gene expression (intercellular biomodulators) as well as potential platelet quality markers of storage and pathogen reduction treatments.
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelet Disorders; Blood Platelets; Blood Preservation; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Markers; Humans; MicroRNAs; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 26341586
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2015.08.002 -
Clinical Pharmacokinetics Jun 2018Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to atherothrombotic events and represents a group of patients who are in need of... (Review)
Review
Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to atherothrombotic events and represents a group of patients who are in need of optimized antithrombotic therapy. Central to the obesity-related risk of atherothrombosis is a pro-thrombotic state characterized by increased levels of coagulation factors, impaired fibrinolysis, and platelet hyper-reactivity, which results from the interaction among the features clustering in obesity: insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Aspirin is a cornerstone antiplatelet drug that has substantial interpatient variability in pharmacodynamic response and a number of reports have demonstrated that obesity is a risk factor for a reduced aspirin pharmacodynamic response. The inflammatory state associated with obesity, particularly a metabolic endotoxemia, may set in motion a number of mechanisms that increase platelet reactivity and platelet turnover and decrease aspirin bioavailability, all contributing to a poor aspirin response. A greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying obesity-related high on-aspirin platelet reactivity will help in optimization of antithrombotic therapy in this patient population.
Topics: Aspirin; Blood Platelets; Humans; Obesity; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
PubMed: 29139042
DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0611-8 -
Blood Dec 2018The ability to upregulate and downregulate surface-exposed proteins and receptors is a powerful process that allows a cell to instantly respond to its microenvironment.... (Review)
Review
The ability to upregulate and downregulate surface-exposed proteins and receptors is a powerful process that allows a cell to instantly respond to its microenvironment. In particular, mobile cells in the bloodstream must rapidly react to conditions where infection or inflammation are detected, and become proadhesive, phagocytic, and/or procoagulant. Platelets are one such blood cell that must rapidly acquire and manage proadhesive and procoagulant properties in order to execute their primary function in hemostasis. The regulation of platelet membrane properties is achieved via several mechanisms, one of which involves the controlled metalloproteolytic release of adhesion receptors and other proteins from the platelet surface. Proteolysis effectively lowers receptor density and reduces the reactivity of platelets, and is a mechanism to control robust platelet activation. Recent research has also established clear links between levels of platelet receptors and platelet lifespan. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge of metalloproteolytic receptor regulation in the vasculature with emphasis on the platelet receptor system to highlight how receptor density can influence both platelet function and platelet survival.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans; Platelet Adhesiveness; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex; Proteolysis
PubMed: 30348652
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-03-742668 -
Life Sciences Jul 2015Activated platelets play a critical role in the acute complications of atherosclerosis that cause life-threatening ischemic events at late stages of the disease. The... (Review)
Review
Activated platelets play a critical role in the acute complications of atherosclerosis that cause life-threatening ischemic events at late stages of the disease. The miRNAs are a novel class of small, non-coding RNAs that play a significant role in both inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. The miRNAs are known to be present in platelets and exert important regulatory functions. Here we systematically examine the genes that are regulated by platelet miRNAs (miRNA-223,miRNA-126,miRNA-21, miRNA-24 and miRNA-197) and the association with cardiovascular disease risks. Platelet-secreted miRNAs could be novel biomarkers associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelets; Cardiovascular Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 26003375
DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.016