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Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Dec 2018Platelets, circulating blood cells derived from megakaryocytes, play a key role in various physical activities, including coagulation, hemostasis, the body's innate... (Review)
Review
Platelets, circulating blood cells derived from megakaryocytes, play a key role in various physical activities, including coagulation, hemostasis, the body's innate immune response, and cancer metastasis. By taking advantage of their key traits, researchers have developed strategies to exploit platelets and platelet-mimicking nanoassemblies to treat a number of conditions, including wounds, cancers, and bacterial infections. Compared to traditional polymer, lipsosome, and inorganic nanoparticles-based delivery systems, platelets and platelet-mimicking vehicles hold many advantages. Among these are their enhanced circulation time, their large volumes and surface areas for drug loading or conjugation, and their inherent ability to target some diseases. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress made in the development of disease-targeting platelets- and platelet-mimicking-vehicles as therapeutic platforms.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Biomimetic Materials; Blood Platelets; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Drug Carriers; Humans; Nanoparticles; Regenerative Medicine
PubMed: 31372220
DOI: 10.1039/C8TB02301H -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis May 2021Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis. Activated platelets are classified into two groups, according to their agonist response: aggregating and procoagulant... (Review)
Review
Platelets play a pivotal role in hemostasis. Activated platelets are classified into two groups, according to their agonist response: aggregating and procoagulant platelets. Aggregating platelets consist of activated integrin αIIbβ3 and stretch out pseudopods to further attract platelets to the site of injury by connecting with fibrinogen. They mainly gather in the core of the thrombus and perform a secretory function, such as releasing adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Procoagulant platelets promote the formation of thrombin and fibrin by interacting with coagulation factors and can thus be considered as the connector between primary and secondary hemostasis. In addition to their functions in blood coagulation, procoagulant platelets play a proinflammatory role by releasing platelet microparticles and inorganic polyphosphate. Considering these important functions of procoagulant platelets, this subpopulation warrants detailed study to analyze their potential in preventing human diseases. This review summarizes the generation and important characteristics of procoagulant platelets, as well as their potential for preventing the adverse effects associated with current antiplatelet therapies.
Topics: Apoptosis; Biomarkers; Blood Coagulation; Blood Platelets; Humans; Necrosis
PubMed: 33709517
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23750 -
Platelets Jul 2022Burn injuries are common and often life-threatening trauma. With this trauma comes an interruption of normal hemostasis, with distinct impacts on platelets. Our interest... (Review)
Review
Burn injuries are common and often life-threatening trauma. With this trauma comes an interruption of normal hemostasis, with distinct impacts on platelets. Our interest in the relationships between burn injury and platelet function stems from two key perspectives: platelet function is a vital component of acute responses to injury, and furthermore the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in burn survivors compared to the general population. This review explores the impact of burn injury on coagulation, platelet function, and the participation of platelets in immunopathology. Potential avenues of further research are explored, and consideration is given to what therapies may be appropriate for mediating post-burn thrombopathology.
Topics: Blood Coagulation; Blood Platelets; Cardiovascular Diseases; Hemostasis; Humans; Platelet Function Tests
PubMed: 34986759
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2021.1981849 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology... Nov 2021Neonatal megakaryopoiesis and platelet turnover form a developmentally unique pattern by generating a pool of newly released reticulated platelets from the bone marrow... (Review)
Review
Neonatal megakaryopoiesis and platelet turnover form a developmentally unique pattern by generating a pool of newly released reticulated platelets from the bone marrow into the circulation. Reticulated platelets are more reactive and hyperaggregable compared to mature platelets, due to their high residual mRNA content, large size, increased expression of platelet surface receptors, and degranulation. The proportion of reticulated platelets in neonates is higher compared to that in adults. Due to the emergence of an uninhibited platelet subpopulation, the newly formed reticulated platelet pool is inherently hyporesponsive to antiplatelets. An elevated population of reticulated platelets is often associated with increased platelet reactivity and is inversely related to high on-treatment platelet reactivity, which can contribute to ischemia. Measurements of the reticulated platelet subpopulation could be a useful indicator of increased tendency for platelet aggregation. Future research is anticipated to define the distinct functional properties of newly formed reticulated or immature platelets in neonates, as well as determine the impact of enhanced platelet turnover and high residual platelet reactivity on the response to antiplatelet agents.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Megakaryocytes; Platelet Aggregation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Platelet Function Tests
PubMed: 34420426
DOI: 10.1177/10742484211041238 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2019Platelets are megakaryocyte-derived fragments lacking nuclei and prepped to maintain primary hemostasis by initiating blood clots on injured vascular endothelia.... (Review)
Review
Platelets are megakaryocyte-derived fragments lacking nuclei and prepped to maintain primary hemostasis by initiating blood clots on injured vascular endothelia. Pathologically, platelets undergo the same physiological processes of activation, secretion, and aggregation yet with such pronouncedness that they orchestrate and make headway the progression of atherothrombotic diseases not only through clot formation but also via forcing a pro-inflammatory state. Indeed, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is largely implicated in atherosclerosis and its pathological complication in atherothrombotic diseases due to its transcriptional role in maintaining pro-survival and pro-inflammatory states in vascular and blood cells. On the other hand, we know little on the functions of platelet NF-κB, which seems to function in other non-genomic ways to modulate atherothrombosis. Therein, this review will resemble a rich portfolio for NF-κB in platelets, specifically showing its implications at the levels of platelet survival and function. We will also share the knowledge thus far on the effects of active ingredients on NF-κB in general, as an extrapolative method to highlight the potential therapeutic targeting of NF-κB in coronary diseases. Finally, we will unzip a new horizon on a possible extra-platelet role of platelet NF-κB, which will better expand our knowledge on the etiology and pathophysiology of atherothrombosis.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Blood Platelets; Humans; NF-kappa B; Platelet Activation; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
PubMed: 31461836
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174185 -
Platelets Mar 2018A wide variety of clinical conditions, associated with low circulating platelet counts, require platelet transfusion in order to normalize hemostatic function. Although... (Review)
Review
A wide variety of clinical conditions, associated with low circulating platelet counts, require platelet transfusion in order to normalize hemostatic function. Although single-donor apheresis platelets bear the lowest risk of transfusion-transmitted infections, pathogen reduction technologies (PRT) are being implemented worldwide to reduce this risk further through inactivation of known, emergent and as yet to be discovered nucleic acid-based pathogens. Human blood platelets are now known to harbor a diverse transcriptome, important to their function and comprised of >5000 protein-coding messenger RNAs and different classes of non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs. Our appreciation of the nucleic acid-dependent functions of platelets is likely to increase. On the other hand, the side effects of PRT on platelet function are underappreciated. Recent evidences suggest that PRT may compromise platelets' responsiveness to agonists, and induce platelet activation. For instance, platelets have the propensity to release proinflammatory microparticles (MPs) upon activation, and the possibility that PRT may enhance the production of platelet MPs in platelet concentrates (PCs) appears likely. With this in mind, it would be timely and appropriate to investigate other means to inactivate pathogens more specifically, or to modify the currently available PRT so to better preserve the platelet function and improve the safety of PCs; platelets' perspective to PRT deserves to be considered.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Humans; Infection Control; Platelet Function Tests
PubMed: 28355122
DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1293806 -
Critical Reviews in Oncology/hematology Mar 2015Platelets, once considered mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis, are now known to be involved in wound healing, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes,... (Review)
Review
Platelets, once considered mediators of hemostasis and thrombosis, are now known to be involved in wound healing, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, and cancer. Recent reports attest that platelets possess the cellular machinery to undergo apoptosis and that platelet apoptosis can be triggered by myriad stimuli including chemical and physical agonists, and pathophysiological conditions. Augmented rate of platelet apoptosis leads to thrombocytopenia, bleeding disorders and microparticle generation. Despite knowing the significant role of platelets in health and disease, and that any alterations in platelet functions can wreak havoc to the health, the offshoot reactions of therapeutic drugs on platelets and the far-reaching consequences are often neglected. The present review focuses on the impact of platelet apoptosis and the role of platelet-derived microparticles on different pathophysiological conditions. It also touches upon the effects of biologicals on platelets, and discusses the need to overcome the adverse effects of pro-apoptotic drugs through auxiliary therapy.
Topics: Apoptosis; Blood Platelet Disorders; Blood Platelets; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Humans
PubMed: 25439323
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.11.002 -
Transfusion Apr 2021
Topics: Adult; Altruism; Blood Donors; Blood Platelets; Fees and Charges; Humans; Middle Aged; Motivation; Platelet Transfusion; Red Cross
PubMed: 33831224
DOI: 10.1111/trf.16329 -
Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) May 2018Blood platelets are involved in a wide range of physiological responses and pathological processes. Recent studies have considerably advanced our understanding of the... (Review)
Review
Blood platelets are involved in a wide range of physiological responses and pathological processes. Recent studies have considerably advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of platelet production and clearance, revealing new connections between the birth and death of these tiny, abundant cells. Key insights have also been gained into how physiological challenges such as inflammation, infection, and chemotherapy can affect megakaryocytes, the cells that produce platelets.
Topics: Animals; Blood Platelets; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Megakaryocytes
PubMed: 29638183
DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2018 -
Circulation Research Apr 2016The systems analysis of thrombosis seeks to quantitatively predict blood function in a given vascular wall and hemodynamic context. Relevant to both venous and arterial... (Review)
Review
The systems analysis of thrombosis seeks to quantitatively predict blood function in a given vascular wall and hemodynamic context. Relevant to both venous and arterial thrombosis, a Blood Systems Biology approach should provide metrics for rate and molecular mechanisms of clot growth, thrombotic risk, pharmacological response, and utility of new therapeutic targets. As a rapidly created multicellular aggregate with a polymerized fibrin matrix, blood clots result from hundreds of unique reactions within and around platelets propagating in space and time under hemodynamic conditions. Coronary artery thrombosis is dominated by atherosclerotic plaque rupture, complex pulsatile flows through stenotic regions producing high wall shear stresses, and plaque-derived tissue factor driving thrombin production. In contrast, venous thrombosis is dominated by stasis or depressed flows, endothelial inflammation, white blood cell-derived tissue factor, and ample red blood cell incorporation. By imaging vessels, patient-specific assessment using computational fluid dynamics provides an estimate of local hemodynamics and fractional flow reserve. High-dimensional ex vivo phenotyping of platelet and coagulation can now power multiscale computer simulations at the subcellular to cellular to whole vessel scale of heart attacks or strokes. In addition, an integrated systems biology approach can rank safety and efficacy metrics of various pharmacological interventions or clinical trial designs.
Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Blood Platelets; Computer Simulation; Hemodynamics; Humans; Microfluidics; Systems Biology; Thrombosis
PubMed: 27126646
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306824