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Clinical Science (London, England :... Jul 2017Since its discovery in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in young children, second only to the... (Review)
Review
Since its discovery in 2001, human metapneumovirus (hMPV) has been identified as an important cause of respiratory tract infection in young children, second only to the closely related respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clinical evidence suggests that hMPV is associated with acute exacerbations of asthma in both children and adults, and may play a role in initiating asthma development in children. Animal models have demonstrated that airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and inflammation are triggered following hMPV infection, and hMPV is able to persist by inhibiting innate immune responses and causing aberrant adaptive responses. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of hMPV infection in pediatric and adult populations and its potential role in asthma exacerbation. We also review recent advances made in animal models to determine immune responses following hMPV infection, and compare to what is known about RSV.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Asthma; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 28667069
DOI: 10.1042/CS20160011 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jul 2018
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 29741694
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy169 -
Clinical and Experimental Medicine Oct 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cause a high burden of disease, particularly in children and the elderly. With the aim to add...
Multicenter epidemiological investigation and genetic characterization of respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus infections in the pre-pandemic 2018-2019 season in northern and central Italy.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) cause a high burden of disease, particularly in children and the elderly. With the aim to add knowledge on RSV and HMPV infections in Italy, a prospective, multicenter study was conducted by eight centers of the Working Group on Respiratory Virus Infections (GLIViRe), from December 2018-April 2019. Weekly distribution and patients' demographic and clinical data were compared in 1300 RSV and 222 HMPV-positive cases. Phylogenetic analysis of the G-glycoprotein coding region was performed to characterize circulating strains. RSV positivity ranged from 6.4% in outpatients of all ages to 31.7% in hospitalized children; HMPV positivity was 4-1.2% with no age-association. RSV season peaked in February and ended in mid-April: HMPV circulation was higher when RSV decreased in early spring. RSV was more frequent in infants, whereas HMPV infected comparatively more elderly adults; despite, their clinical course was similar. RSV-B cases were two-thirds of the total and had similar clinical severity compared to RSV-A. Phylogenetic analysis showed the circulation of RSV-A ON1 variants and the predominance of RSV-B genotype BA10. HMPV genotype A2c was the prevalent one and presented insertions of different lengths in G. This first multicenter Italian report on seasonality, age-specific distribution, and clinical presentation of RSV and HMPV demonstrated their substantial disease burden in young patients but also in the elderly. These data may provide the basis for a national respiratory virus surveillance network.
Topics: Infant; Child; Adult; Humans; Aged; Metapneumovirus; Seasons; Phylogeny; Prospective Studies; Pandemics; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 36522554
DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00973-3 -
Viruses Mar 2022Viral replication and transmissibility are the principal causes of endemic and pandemic disease threats. There remains a need for broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The... (Review)
Review
Viral replication and transmissibility are the principal causes of endemic and pandemic disease threats. There remains a need for broad-spectrum antiviral agents. The most common respiratory viruses are endemic agents such as coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and influenza viruses. Although vaccines are available for SARS-CoV-2 and some influenza viruses, there is a paucity of effective antiviral drugs, while for RSV there is no vaccine available, and therapeutic treatments are very limited. We have previously shown that probenecid is safe and effective in limiting influenza A virus replication and SARS-CoV-2 replication, along with strong evidence showing inhibition of RSV replication in vitro and in vivo. This review article will describe the antiviral activity profile of probenecid against these three viruses.
Topics: Drug Repositioning; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae; Probenecid; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 35337018
DOI: 10.3390/v14030612 -
Current Opinion in Virology Aug 2015The study of human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and immunity has been hampered by its exquisite host specificity, and the difficulties encountered in... (Review)
Review
The study of human respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis and immunity has been hampered by its exquisite host specificity, and the difficulties encountered in adapting this virus to a murine host. The reasons for this obstacle are not well understood, but appear to reflect, at least in part, the inability of the virus to block the interferon response in any but the human host. This review addresses some of the issues encountered in mouse models of respiratory syncytial virus infection, and describes the advantages and disadvantages of alternative model systems.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 26176495
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.06.003 -
Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Vaccination; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 37561182
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-023-01552-8 -
Journal of the National Medical... Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Influenza, Human; COVID-19; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Hospitalization
PubMed: 36509504
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnma.2022.12.010 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Apr 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza infections are a major cause of hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission to children's hospitals and are...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza infections are a major cause of hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission to children's hospitals and are closely tracked. We compared data over 6 seasons of human metapneumovirus (hMPV), RSV and influenza infections.
METHODS
During the 2014-2019 winter viral seasons, hMPV, RSV and influenza infections were tracked. For hMPV admissions, rates of hospitalizations, ICU admissions, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and mortalities were assessed and compared with RSV and influenza admissions. Retrospective data was used to study patients infected with hMPV.
RESULTS
During the winter seasons of 2014-2019, the rates of hospitalization due to hMPV were significantly higher than both RSV and influenza. ICU admissions, deaths and HAIs for hMPV were similar to RSV and influenza.Of the 471 total cases with hMPV, 58 (12.3%) had chronic lung disease (CLD) and 23 (4.9%) were tracheostomy dependent. Among 104 hMPV ICU admissions from 2013 to 2019, 86 (82%) had an underlying medical diagnosis, 30 (29%) had CLD, 21 (20%) had tracheostomies and 33 (32%) required mechanical ventilation. The average age of hMPV infected children in our ICU is 3 years and 10 months.
CONCLUSIONS
Our large descriptive study of hMPV infected children over 6 seasons showed higher rates of hospitalization compared with RSV and influenza, similar ICU and HAI rates, and deaths. ICU admitted children often had associated co-morbidities, including CLD. Further studies for focused disease surveillance and potential vaccine development for high-risk children are needed.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Infant; Influenza, Human; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35315823
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003416 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Jun 2017Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a... (Review)
Review
Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Areas covered: We present a composite clinical score allowing individual patient data analyses of disease severity based on systematic literature review and WHO-criteria for uncomplicated and complicated disease. The 22-item ViVI Disease Severity Score showed a normal distribution in a pediatric cohort of 6073 children aged 0-18 years (mean age 3.13; S.D. 3.89; range: 0 to 18.79). Expert commentary: The ViVI Score was correlated with risk of antibiotic use as well as need for hospitalization and intensive care. The ViVI Score was used to track children with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections and is fully compliant with regulatory data standards. The ViVI Disease Severity Score mobile application allows physicians to measure disease severity at the point-of care thereby taking clinical trials to the next level.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Coinfection; Female; Humans; Infant; Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; Male; Metapneumovirus; Mobile Applications; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 28277820
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847 -
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Dec 2022The highest morbidity and mortality from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occurs in young infants. Immunization of expectant mothers during pregnancy has the... (Review)
Review
The highest morbidity and mortality from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection occurs in young infants. Immunization of expectant mothers during pregnancy has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of RSV disease in a majority of infants. Correlates of protection (COP) are important in guiding the development of maternal RSV vaccines and the design of maternal RSV vaccine trials, as immune response to candidate vaccines should mirror protective RSV immunity at birth. Here, we review the literature reporting correlations between RSV immune measures at birth and clinical RSV outcomes during infancy. Less than a dozen studies have investigated immunological COP with RSV disease or related hospitalization, yielding inconsistent findings overall. The differences in findings between studies could be due to differences in inclusion/exclusion criteria (e.g., the inclusion of older infants who may benefit less from maternal antibodies or infants followed during inter-seasonal periods where RSV is absent), differences in semi-quantitative RSV antibody neutralization assays, or differences in RSV outcome measures such as the sensititivity/specificity of diagnostic tests. Future research in this field should seek to standardize RSV immunological measures and outcomes, expand the breadth of functional RSV measures beyond antibody neutralization, and consider infants' age and seasonality of RSV infection.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Female; Animals; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Antibodies, Viral; Sigmodontinae; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 35689745
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08948-8