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Viruses May 2020Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Epigenomics; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 32375305
DOI: 10.3390/v12050505 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2015Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains an important cause of serious and sometimes fatal acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants, yet no effective antiviral... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains an important cause of serious and sometimes fatal acute lower respiratory tract disease in infants, yet no effective antiviral treatment or vaccine for the prevention of RSV in early life is available. Vaccination of women during pregnancy is considered to be the most plausible strategy to provide direct RSV antibody protection to young infants during a period of greatest vulnerability.
RECENT FINDINGS
Interest in the development of RSV vaccines for immunization of women during pregnancy is high. Numerous studies are underway to better understand the epidemiology and impact of RSV disease in pregnant women and infants, as well as the role of maternal antibodies in the protection of infants against early and severe RSV disease, to identify and measure serologic correlates of protection to RSV in infants and develop well tolerated and immunogenic RSV vaccines for pregnant women.
SUMMARY
Studies of RSV vaccination in pregnancy are in progress, making maternal vaccination a realistic intervention for the protection of young infants against RSV disease in the near future. Maternal immunization with an immunogenic vaccine has the potential to substantially impact the morbidity and mortality of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness in infants worldwide.
Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Viral; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Immunization Programs; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnant Women; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccination
PubMed: 25918956
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000161 -
Virus Genes Dec 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis, mainly affecting children under 2 years of age and immunocompromised... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis, mainly affecting children under 2 years of age and immunocompromised patients. Currently, there are no available vaccines or efficient pharmacological treatments against RSV. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been directed to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and generate a vaccine against RSV. Although RSV is highly infectious, not all the patients who get infected develop bronchiolitis and severe disease. Through various sequencing studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been discovered in diverse receptors, cytokines, and transcriptional regulators with crucial role in the activation of the innate immune response, which is implicated in the susceptibility to develop or protect from severe forms of the infection. In this review, we highlighted how variations in the key genes affect the development of innate immune response against RSV. This data would provide crucial information about the mechanisms of viral infection, and in the future, could help in generation of new strategies for vaccine development or generation of the pharmacological treatments.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Immunity, Innate; Bronchiolitis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 36085536
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01932-6 -
Viruses Jan 2019The 2nd Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology (CSV2018) was held in June 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a featured event marking the 200th anniversary...
The 2nd Symposium of the Canadian Society for Virology (CSV2018) was held in June 2018 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a featured event marking the 200th anniversary of Dalhousie University. CSV2018 attracted 175 attendees from across Canada and around the world, more than double the number that attended the first CSV symposium two years earlier. CSV2018 provided a forum to discuss a wide range of topics in virology including human, veterinary, plant, and microbial pathogens. Invited keynote speakers included David Kelvin (Dalhousie University and Shantou University Medical College) who provided a historical perspective on influenza on the 100th anniversary of the 1918 pandemic; Sylvain Moineau (Université Laval) who described CRISPR-Cas systems and anti-CRISPR proteins in warfare between bacteriophages and their host microbes; and Kate O'Brien (then from Johns Hopkins University, now relocated to the World Health Organization where she is Director of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals), who discussed the underlying viral etiology for pneumonia in the developing world, and the evidence for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a primary cause. Reflecting a strong commitment of Canadian virologists to science communication, CSV2018 featured the launch of Halifax's first annual Soapbox Science event to enable public engagement with female scientists, and the live-taping of the 499th episode of the This Week in Virology (TWIV) podcast, hosted by Vincent Racaniello (Columbia University) and science writer Alan Dove. TWIV featured interviews of CSV co-founders Nathalie Grandvaux (Université de Montréal) and Craig McCormick (Dalhousie University), who discussed the origins and objectives of the new society; Ryan Noyce (University of Alberta), who discussed technical and ethical considerations of synthetic virology; and Kate O'Brien, who discussed vaccines and global health. Finally, because CSV seeks to provide a better future for the next generation of Canadian virologists, the symposium featured a large number of oral and poster presentations from trainees and closed with the awarding of presentation prizes to trainees, followed by a tour of the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site and an evening of entertainment at the historic Alexander Keith's Brewery.
Topics: Awards and Prizes; Canada; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Congresses as Topic; Influenza Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Virology
PubMed: 30669273
DOI: 10.3390/v11010079 -
Viruses May 2021Over two years (2012-2014), 719 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 6-week- to 12-month-old infants presenting at the emergency department with moderate to severe... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Over two years (2012-2014), 719 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 6-week- to 12-month-old infants presenting at the emergency department with moderate to severe acute bronchiolitis. Viral testing was performed, and we found that 98% of samples were positive, including 90% for respiratory syncytial virus, 34% for human rhino virus, and 55% for viral co-detections, with a predominance of RSV/HRV co-infections (30%). Interestingly, we found that the risk of being infected by HRV is higher in the absence of RSV, suggesting interferences or exclusion mechanisms between these two viruses. Conversely, coronavirus infection had no impact on the likelihood of co-infection involving HRV and RSV. Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants before 12 months of age, and many questions about its role in later chronic respiratory diseases (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) exist. The role of virus detection and the burden of viral codetections need to be further explored, in order to understand the physiopathology of chronic respiratory diseases, a major public health issue.
Topics: Bronchiolitis, Viral; Coinfection; Emergency Service, Hospital; France; Humans; Infant; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nasopharynx; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viruses
PubMed: 34073414
DOI: 10.3390/v13060990 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Feb 2024In the previous (parent) study, 2 doses of different formulations of an investigational vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSVPreF3 OA) were well tolerated and...
BACKGROUND
In the previous (parent) study, 2 doses of different formulations of an investigational vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus (RSVPreF3 OA) were well tolerated and immunogenic in older adults. This multicenter phase 2b extension study assessed safety and immunogenicity of a revaccination (third) dose of the 120 μg RSVPreF3-AS01E formulation.
METHODS
In total, 122 older adults (60-80 years), previously vaccinated with 2 doses of RSVPreF3-AS01E formulations (containing 30, 60, or 120 μg RSVPreF3 antigen), received an additional 120 μg RSVPreF3-AS01E dose 18 months after dose 2. Vaccine safety was evaluated in all participants up to 6 months and immunogenicity in participants who received 120 μg RSVPreF3-AS01E doses until 1 month after dose 3.
RESULTS
Similar to the parent study, mostly mild-to-moderate solicited adverse events and no vaccine-related serious adverse events or potential immune-mediated disorders were reported. Neutralizing titers and cell-mediated immune responses persisted for 18 months after 2-dose vaccination. Dose 3 increased RSV-specific neutralizing titers against RSV-A and RSV-B and median CD4+ T-cell frequencies. After dose 3, RSV-specific neutralizing titers but not CD4+ T-cell frequencies were below levels detected 1 month after dose 1.
CONCLUSIONS
Revaccination with 120 μg RSVPreF3-AS01E 18 months after dose 2 is well tolerated and immunogenic in older adults.
CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
NCT04657198; EudraCT, 2020-000692-21.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Antibodies, Viral; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Immunization, Secondary; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Immunogenicity, Vaccine
PubMed: 37699064
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad321 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jul 2019
Topics: Asthma; Cohort Studies; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 30517654
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy672 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Sep 2020
Topics: Chemokines; Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
PubMed: 32645278
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2154ED -
Journal of Medical Virology Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 37815045
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29169 -
Fukushima Journal of Medical Science Dec 2017Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogen related to acute lower respiratory infection in young children. The virus surface envelope... (Review)
Review
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogen related to acute lower respiratory infection in young children. The virus surface envelope contains the G, F, and SH proteins as spike proteins. The F protein is considered to be a major antigenic target for the neutralizing (NT) epitope as only the F protein is essential for cell infection among the three viral envelope proteins, and it is more highly conserved than the G protein. Recently, four antigenic targets related to NT activity have been reported;site I, site II, site IV, and site zero (0). Site II is the target for palivizumab used throughout the world to suppress severe RSV infection as passive immunity in high-risk children since 1998. Under the recent conditions in which indications for palivizumab administered subjects are being expanded, palivizumab-resistant mutations have been confirmed overseas in children with RSV infection, although they remain infrequent. Therefore, continuous genetic analysis of the palivizumab-binding region of the F protein is necessary. In addition, as vaccine development progresses, RSV infection control is expected to improve greatly over the next decade.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Drug Resistance, Viral; Epitopes; Mutation; Neutralization Tests; Palivizumab; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 28867684
DOI: 10.5387/fms.2017-09