-
Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology Feb 2023Cell invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix or across tissue boundaries and endothelial barriers occurs in both physiological and pathological scenarios such... (Review)
Review
Cell invasion into the surrounding extracellular matrix or across tissue boundaries and endothelial barriers occurs in both physiological and pathological scenarios such as immune surveillance or cancer metastasis. Podosomes and invadopodia, collectively called 'invadosomes', are actin-based structures that drive the proteolytic invasion of cells, by forming highly regulated platforms for the localized release of lytic enzymes that degrade the matrix. Recent advances in high-resolution microscopy techniques, in vivo imaging and high-throughput analyses have led to considerable progress in understanding mechanisms of invadosomes, revealing the intricate inner architecture of these structures, as well as their growing repertoire of functions that extends well beyond matrix degradation. In this Review, we discuss the known functions, architecture and regulatory mechanisms of podosomes and invadopodia. In particular, we describe the molecular mechanisms of localized actin turnover and microtubule-based cargo delivery, with a special focus on matrix-lytic enzymes that enable proteolytic invasion. Finally, we point out topics that should become important in the invadosome field in the future.
Topics: Podosomes; Actins; Extracellular Matrix; Microtubules; Proteolysis
PubMed: 36104625
DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00530-6 -
Cellular Signalling Sep 2021Acting as a bridge between the cytoskeleton of the cell and the extra cellular matrix (ECM), the cell-ECM adhesions with integrins at their core, play a major role in... (Review)
Review
Acting as a bridge between the cytoskeleton of the cell and the extra cellular matrix (ECM), the cell-ECM adhesions with integrins at their core, play a major role in cell signalling to direct mechanotransduction, cell migration, cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, growth and repair. Biochemically, these adhesions are composed of diverse, yet an organised group of structural proteins, receptors, adaptors, various enzymes including protein kinases, phosphatases, GTPases, proteases, etc. as well as scaffolding molecules. The major integrin adhesion complexes (IACs) characterised are focal adhesions (FAs), invadosomes (podosomes and invadopodia), hemidesmosomes (HDs) and reticular adhesions (RAs). The varied composition and regulation of the IACs and their signalling, apart from being an integral part of normal cell survival, has been shown to be of paramount importance in various developmental and pathological processes. This review per-illustrates the recent advancements in the research of IACs, their crucial roles in normal as well as diseased states. We have also touched on few of the various methods that have been developed over the years to visualise IACs, measure the forces they exert and study their signalling and molecular composition. Having such pertinent roles in the context of various pathologies, these IACs need to be understood and studied to develop therapeutical targets. We have given an update to the studies done in recent years and described various techniques which have been applied to study these structures, thereby, providing context in furthering research with respect to IAC targeted therapeutics.
Topics: Cell Adhesion; Extracellular Matrix; Focal Adhesions; Integrins; Mechanotransduction, Cellular
PubMed: 34004332
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110046 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2020Myosin X (Myo10), an actin-based molecular motor, induces filopodia formation and controls cell migration in vitro. In the 25 years since Myo10 was first identified, it... (Review)
Review
Myosin X (Myo10), an actin-based molecular motor, induces filopodia formation and controls cell migration in vitro. In the 25 years since Myo10 was first identified, it has been implicated in several different functions in different cell types including phagocytosis in macrophages, axon outgrowth in neurons, cell-cell adhesion in epithelial and endothelial cells, podosome formation in osteoclasts, spindle-pole positioning in meiosis and mitosis of cultured cells, migration of melanocytes and cranial neural crest cells, and invadopodia formation in cancer cells. Recently, the availability of Myo10-knockout (Myo10KO) mice has allowed for tremendous progress toward understanding the biological function of Myo10 in vivo.In this chapter, I address the structure of the Myo10 gene; the molecular structure of Myo10 protein with its multiple domains, e.g., PH, MyTH4, and FERM domains; the regulation of actin structures induced in cells by Myo10; the expression and function of Myo10 in vitro and in vivo; and the role of Myo10 in cancer. Previous reviews on Myo10 include Divito MM, Cheney RE, (Myosins: a superfamily of molecular motors chapter 14 MYOSIN X. In: Proteins and cell regulation, vol 7. Springer, Dordrecht, 2008) and Kerber ML, Cheney RE (J Cell Sci 124:3733-3741).
Topics: Actins; Animals; Mice; Myosins; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 32451868
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38062-5_17 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Feb 2020MicroRNA-612 (miR-612) has been proven to suppress EMT, stemness, and tumor metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via PI3K/AKT2 and Sp1/Nanog signaling. However,...
BACKGROUND
MicroRNA-612 (miR-612) has been proven to suppress EMT, stemness, and tumor metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via PI3K/AKT2 and Sp1/Nanog signaling. However, its biological roles on HCC progression are far from elucidated.
METHODS
We found direct downstream target of miR-612, hadha by RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing. To explore its biological characteristic, potential molecular mechanism, and clinical relevance in HCC patients, we performed several in-vitro and in-vivo models, as well as human tissue chip.
RESULTS
Ectopic expression of miR-612 could partially reverse the level of HADHA, then suppress function of pseudopods, and diminish metastatic and invasive potential of HCC by lipid reprogramming. In detail, miR-612 might reduce invadopodia formation via HADHA-mediated cell membrane cholesterol alteration and accompanied with the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin regulated EMT occurrence. Our results showed that the maximum oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of HCCLM3 and HCCLM3 cells were decreased nearly by 40% and 60% of their counterparts (p < 0.05). The levels of acetyl CoA were significantly decreased, about 1/3 (p > 0.05) or 1/2 (p < 0.05) of their controls, in exogenous miR-612 or hadha-shRNA transfected HCCLM3 cell lines. Besides, overexpression of hadha cell lines had a high expression level of total cholesterol, especially 27-hydroxycholesterol (p < 0.005). SREBP2 protein expression level as well as its downstream targets, HMGCS1, HMGCR, MVD, SQLE were all deregulated by HADHA. Meanwhile, the ATP levels were reduced to 1/2 and 1/4 in HCCLM3 (p < 0.05) and HCCLM3 (p < 0.01) respectively. Moreover, patients with low miR-612 levels and high HADHA levels had a poor prognosis with shorter overall survival.
CONCLUSION
miR-612 can suppress the formation of invadopodia, EMT, and HCC metastasis and by HADHA-mediated lipid programming, which may provide a new insight of miR-612 on tumor metastasis and progression.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Cell Line, Tumor; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Neoplasms; Male; MicroRNAs; Middle Aged; Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein, alpha Subunit; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Podosomes
PubMed: 32033570
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0841-3 -
The International Journal of... Aug 2015Thirty years of research have accumulated ample evidence that podosome clusters qualify as genuine cellular organelles that are being found in more and more cell types.... (Review)
Review
Thirty years of research have accumulated ample evidence that podosome clusters qualify as genuine cellular organelles that are being found in more and more cell types. A podosome is a dynamic actin-based and membrane-bound microdomain and the organelle consists in an interconnected network of such basic units, forming a cytoskeletal superstructure linked to the plasma membrane. At this strategic location, podosomes are privileged sites of interactions with the pericellular environment that regulates their formation, density, lifetime, distribution, architecture and functioning. Actin polymerization is the driving force behind most podosome characteristics. In contrast to classical organelles, podosomes are not vital at the cell level but rather serve diverse and often intricate functions of which adhesion, matrix degradation and substrate sensing are the most established. These capabilities involve specific molecules, depend on podosome organization and may vary according to the cell type in which they form. Podosome-associated diseases manifest by loss or gain of podosome functions and include genetic diseases affecting podosome components and various cancers where tumor cells ectopically express podosome equivalents (invadopodia).
Topics: Animals; Cytoskeleton; Humans; Podosomes
PubMed: 26028292
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.05.020 -
Cellular Signalling Sep 2019Recent study established the role of integrins in keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-induced oral epithelial adhesion and rete peg elongation. However, how extracellular...
Recent study established the role of integrins in keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)-induced oral epithelial adhesion and rete peg elongation. However, how extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling cooperates with the increased epithelial adhesion during rete peg elongation has yet to be determined. Podosomes are cell-matrix contact structures that combine several abilities, including adhesion and matrix degradation. In the present study, we identified podosome formation at the ventral side of human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOECs) upon KGF treatment. Moreover, podosomal components including integrin α6,β4,α3,β1 and MMP14 colocalized with the F-actin-cortactin complex and matrix degradation assays demonstrated the ability of the F-actin-cortactin complex to degrade matrix. Inhibition both of integrin subunits β4 and β1 with specific blocking antibodies and inhibition of Erk1/2 abrogated the KGF-induced podosome formation. Notably, knockdown of integrin subunits β4 and β1 with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) downregulated the phosphorylation levels of Erk1/2. In contrast, inhibition of both Erk1/2 could upregulate the expression of integrin subunits β4 and β1. These results demonstrate that KGF induces podosome formation via integrin-Erk1/2 signaling in HIOECs, suggesting a novel mechanism by which integrins enhance oral epithelial adhesion and rete peg elongation.
Topics: Actins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Line; Cortactin; Epithelial Cells; Extracellular Matrix; Fibroblast Growth Factor 7; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Humans; Integrin beta1; Integrin beta4; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mouth Mucosa; Phosphorylation; Podosomes; RNA, Small Interfering; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2; Transfection
PubMed: 31082464
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.05.007 -
Faculty Reviews 2021One of the strategies used by cells to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) is based on invadosomes, actin-based force-producing cell-ECM contacts that... (Review)
Review
One of the strategies used by cells to degrade and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) is based on invadosomes, actin-based force-producing cell-ECM contacts that function in adhesion and migration and are characterized by their capacity to mediate pericellular proteolysis of ECM components. Invadosomes found in normal cells are called podosomes, whereas invadosomes of invading cancer cells are named invadopodia. Despite their broad involvement in cell migration and in protease-dependent ECM remodeling and their detection in living organisms and in fresh tumor tissue specimens, the specific composition and dynamic behavior of podosomes and invadopodia and their functional relevance remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss recent findings that underline commonalities and peculiarities of podosome and invadopodia in terms of organization and function and propose an updated definition of these cellular protrusions, which are increasingly relevant in patho-physiological tissue remodeling.
PubMed: 34046643
DOI: 10.12703/r/10-39 -
Biomolecules Feb 2023The interface between the cellular actin network and diverse forms of integrin-mediated cell adhesions displays a unique capacity to serve as accurate chemical and... (Review)
Review
The interface between the cellular actin network and diverse forms of integrin-mediated cell adhesions displays a unique capacity to serve as accurate chemical and mechanical sensors of the cell's microenvironment. Focal adhesion-like structures of diverse cell types, podosomes in osteoclasts, and invadopodia of invading cancer cells display distinct morphologies and apparent functions. Yet, all three share a similar composition and mode of coupling between a protrusive structure (the lamellipodium, the core actin bundle of the podosome, and the invadopodia protrusion, respectively), and a nearby adhesion site. Cytoskeletal or external forces, applied to the adhesion sites, trigger a cascade of unfolding and activation of key adhesome components (e.g., talin, vinculin, integrin), which in turn, trigger the assembly of adhesion sites and generation of adhesion-mediated signals that affect cell behavior and fate. The structural and molecular mechanisms underlying the dynamic crosstalk between the actin cytoskeleton and the adhesome network are discussed.
Topics: Actins; Integrins; Cytoskeleton; Cell Adhesion; Actin Cytoskeleton
PubMed: 36830665
DOI: 10.3390/biom13020294 -
Current Opinion in Hematology May 2020The discovery of podosomes in endothelial cells during the process of angiogenesis in vivo opens a new era in vascular biology. Podosomes are actin-based microdomains... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The discovery of podosomes in endothelial cells during the process of angiogenesis in vivo opens a new era in vascular biology. Podosomes are actin-based microdomains located at the plasma membrane that have been extensively described but in vitro and in other cells. This review focuses on podosomes in endothelial cells and aims to rise hypotheses about when and how these structures mediate cell--microenvironment interactions.
RECENT FINDINGS
A wealth of new information regarding podosome organization and functioning has been collected in simple 2D models. Characterization of their modular architecture has unravelled their mechanics. However, context matters and podosome characteristics and functioning are shaped by the microenvironment. Although matrix degradation was seen as the typical function of podosomes, mechanosensing now appears equally prominent and involved in setting of the proteolytic machinery. Endothelial podosomes breach the basement membrane, and are thus, involved in vascular remodelling.
SUMMARY
In endothelial cells, podosomes are involved in breaking up the basement membrane, giving the cells the opportunity to invade adjacent tissues and to engage in new cell--cell interactions. Such functions are particularly relevant to vascular biology and the exploration of podosomes in in vivo settings should bring clues to many unanswered questions.
Topics: Animals; Cellular Microenvironment; Endothelial Cells; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Podosomes; Vascular Remodeling
PubMed: 32109908
DOI: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000575 -
Small GTPases Jul 2020Actin remodeling plays an essential role in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility, vesicle trafficking or cytokinesis. The scaffold protein and actin... (Review)
Review
Actin remodeling plays an essential role in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility, vesicle trafficking or cytokinesis. The scaffold protein and actin nucleation promoting factor Cortactin is present in virtually all actin-based structures, participating in the formation of branched actin networks. It has been involved in the control of endocytosis, and vesicle trafficking, axon guidance and organization, as well as adhesion, migration and invasion. To migrate and invade through three-dimensional environments, cells have developed specialized actin-based structures called invadosomes, a generic term to designate invadopodia and podosomes. Cortactin has emerged as a critical regulator of invadosome formation, function and disassembly. Underscoring this role, Cortactin is frequently overexpressed in several types of invasive cancers. Herein we will review the roles played by Cortactin in these specific invasive structures.
Topics: Animals; Cortactin; Humans; Podosomes
PubMed: 29172953
DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1405773