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Journal of Primary Health Care Sep 2021
Topics: Borago; Humans; Poisons
PubMed: 34588114
DOI: 10.1071/HC19564 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Dec 2022The primary aim of this pilot study was to develop a machine learning algorithm to predict and distinguish eight poisoning agents based on clinical symptoms. Data were...
The primary aim of this pilot study was to develop a machine learning algorithm to predict and distinguish eight poisoning agents based on clinical symptoms. Data were used from the National Poison Data System from 2014 to 2018, for patients 0-89 years old with single-agent exposure to eight drugs or drug classes (acetaminophen, aspirin, benzodiazepines, bupropion, calcium channel blockers, diphenhydramine, lithium and sulfonylureas). Four classifier prediction models were applied to the data: logistic regression, LightGBM, XGBoost, and CatBoost. There were 201 031 cases used to develop and test the algorithms. Among the four models, accuracy ranged 77%-80%, with precision and F1 scores of 76%-80% and recall of 77%-78%. Overall specificity was 92% for all models. Accuracy was highest for identifying sulfonylureas, acetaminophen, benzodiazepines and diphenhydramine poisoning. F1 scores were highest for correctly classifying sulfonylureas, acetaminophen and benzodiazepine poisonings. Recall was highest for sulfonylureas, acetaminophen, and benzodiazepines, and lowest for bupropion. Specificity was >99% for models of sulfonylureas, calcium channel blockers, lithium and aspirin. For single-agent poisoning cases among the eight possible exposures, machine learning models based on clinical signs and symptoms moderately predicted the causal agent. CatBoost and LightGBM classifier models had the highest performance of those tested.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant; Child, Preschool; Child; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Poison Control Centers; Poisons; Pilot Projects; Acetaminophen; Bupropion; Lithium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Machine Learning; Diphenhydramine; Benzodiazepines; Aspirin; Poisoning
PubMed: 36181236
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13800 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2020Whether exposed by grazing toxic range or pasture plants or by eating contaminated feed, there are plant toxins that produce urinary tract disease, gastroenteritis, and... (Review)
Review
Whether exposed by grazing toxic range or pasture plants or by eating contaminated feed, there are plant toxins that produce urinary tract disease, gastroenteritis, and other miscellaneous or multisystemic diseases. Diagnosis can be challenging and requires incorporation of field studies, clinical signs, gross and microscopic pathology, and chemical identification of plants, toxins, and metabolites in animal samples. The objectives of this review are to introduce poisonous plants that commonly poison livestock in North America; describe clinical and pathologic lesions they produce in livestock; and present current technology available to identify poisoning, treat affected animals, and minimize or avoid poisoning additional animals.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Livestock; North America; Oxalates; Plant Poisoning; Plants, Toxic; Urologic Diseases
PubMed: 33032700
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.08.006 -
Emergency Medicine Clinics of North... May 2022
Topics: Emergency Medicine; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Poisoning
PubMed: 35461634
DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2022.03.002 -
Toxins Nov 2022is one of the most poisonous plants, and its accidental ingestion has frequently occurred in humans and livestock. It is vital to develop a rapid and accurate...
is one of the most poisonous plants, and its accidental ingestion has frequently occurred in humans and livestock. It is vital to develop a rapid and accurate identification method for the timely rescue of oleander-poisoned patients and the investigation of poisoning cases. In this study, a specific and highly sensitive quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)-based method was developed to identify oleander in mixture systems and simulated forensic specimens (SFS). First, a new pair of oleander-specific primers, JZT-BF/BR, was designed and validated. Then, a qPCR method was developed using the primers, and its detective sensitivity was examined. The results showed that JZT-BF/BR could specifically identify oleander in forage and food mixtures, and qPCR was capable of accurate authentication even at a low DNA concentration of 0.001 ng/μL. This method was further applied to the analysis of SFS containing different ratios of . The method was confirmed to be applicable to digested samples, and the detection limit reached 0.1% (/) oleander in mixture systems. Thus, this study undoubtedly provides strong support for the detection of highly toxic oleander and the diagnosis of food poisoning in humans and animals.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nerium; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poisons; Plants, Toxic; DNA Primers
PubMed: 36356026
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110776 -
Toxicology Jan 2023Sulfur mustard (SM), an extremely reactive alkylating toxicant, which poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. SM targets three major organs... (Review)
Review
Sulfur mustard (SM), an extremely reactive alkylating toxicant, which poses a continuing threat to both military and civilian populations. SM targets three major organs including skin, eyes and lungs. In recent years, more and more clinical findings have shown that cognitive and emotional disorders in veterans intoxicated with SM, such as anxiety, depression, apathy, cognitive decline and so on, which indicated the long time toxic effects on mental and neurological health of SM. The experimental studies in animal and cell models have also found neurotoxicity which are similar to clinical results. However, these neuropsychological problems are not studied well in victims of SM and the mental and neurological complications are often not subjected to treatment or undertreated. Until now, the exact mechanism of the action of SM toxicity has not been elucidated and no specific therapy for its poisoning exists. Therefore, the studies on neurotoxicity of SM should be strengthened. This review summarizes the main progress of clinical and experimental researches on neurotoxicity of SM for the past few years.
Topics: Animals; Mustard Gas; Chemical Warfare Agents; Skin; Eye; Lung; Neurotoxicity Syndromes
PubMed: 36356660
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153372 -
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing :... 2022Recent research shows deep neural networks are vulnerable to different types of attacks, such as adversarial attacks, data poisoning attacks, and backdoor attacks. Among...
Recent research shows deep neural networks are vulnerable to different types of attacks, such as adversarial attacks, data poisoning attacks, and backdoor attacks. Among them, backdoor attacks are the most cunning and can occur in almost every stage of the deep learning pipeline. Backdoor attacks have attracted lots of interest from both academia and industry. However, most existing backdoor attack methods are visible or fragile to some effortless pre-processing such as common data transformations. To address these limitations, we propose a robust and invisible backdoor attack called "Poison Ink". Concretely, we first leverage the image structures as target poisoning areas and fill them with poison ink (information) to generate the trigger pattern. As the image structure can keep its semantic meaning during the data transformation, such a trigger pattern is inherently robust to data transformations. Then we leverage a deep injection network to embed such input-aware trigger pattern into the cover image to achieve stealthiness. Compared to existing popular backdoor attack methods, Poison Ink outperforms both in stealthiness and robustness. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that Poison Ink is not only general to different datasets and network architectures but also flexible for different attack scenarios. Besides, it also has very strong resistance against many state-of-the-art defense techniques.
Topics: Ink; Neural Networks, Computer; Poisons; Semantics
PubMed: 36040942
DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2022.3201472 -
Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria Aug 2022Pediatric poisoning is a public health problem worldwide. The objective of this study was to establish the characteristics of pediatric cases of poisoning seen at the...
INTRODUCTION
Pediatric poisoning is a public health problem worldwide. The objective of this study was to establish the characteristics of pediatric cases of poisoning seen at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a hospital in Chile.
POPULATION AND METHODS
The medical records of patients diagnosed with poisoning and admitted to the PICU between 2013 and 2017 were reviewed.
RESULTS
A total of 105 cases were identified, who account for 3% of all admissions recorded in the study period. Patients' median age was 10 years. In total, 73.3% of cases were female patients; 51% of cases were associated with intentional poisoning; and 83% were caused by drug exposure. The most common drugs identified were antidepressants (11.2%) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (10.7%). Intake was the most frequent route of exposure (93%). The average length of stay in the PICU was 1.3 days. One patient required intubation and another required hemodialysis in the PICU. Statistically significant relationships were established between patient sex and the circumstance of exposure and between the patient's psychiatric condition and the number of toxic substances ingested.
CONCLUSIONS
Most poisoning cases seen at the PICU were intentional and occurred in female patients, who had a psychiatric condition. The most common drugs identified were antidepressants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antidepressive Agents; Child; Chile; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; Male; Poisons; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35900952
DOI: 10.5546/aap.2022.eng.257 -
Forensic Science International Jan 2021Poisoning is an increasing and significant burden that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this retrospective study, poisoning-related cases that occurred in 19...
Poisoning is an increasing and significant burden that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this retrospective study, poisoning-related cases that occurred in 19 cities and prefectures in Sichuan, Southwest China, between 2010 and 2018 were collected from the West China Forensic Medical Center of Sichuan and Public Security Bureaus. A total of 782 poisoning-related deaths were recorded, and their demographic characteristics, season of death, type of poison, and manner and cause of death were analysed. Of these cases, the victims were predominantly male (65.3%), and the 21∼50-year-old age group included the most victims (63.2%). The rural incidence was 71%. The most common poisoning agent was pesticide (40%), followed by toxic gases (32%), and there were cases of poisoning by poisonous animals and plants that are not common in other regions of China. The predominant manner of poisoning death was accident (50%), followed by suicide (38.3%) and homicide (5.0%). In this study, relevant information on poisoning-related cases was collected and compared with the poisoning data from other areas of China and foreign countries to provide guidance for the formulation of public health policies in Sichuan, Southwest China.
Topics: Accidents; Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Animals, Poisonous; Child; Child, Preschool; China; Female; Gas Poisoning; Heavy Metal Poisoning; Homicide; Humans; Illicit Drugs; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Pesticides; Plants, Toxic; Poisoning; Retrospective Studies; Sex Distribution; Suicide, Completed; Young Adult
PubMed: 33208234
DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110558 -
Toxins Nov 2022We review some of the precursor works of the Pasteurians in the field of bacterial toxins. The word "toxin" was coined in 1888 by Ludwig Brieger to qualify different... (Review)
Review
We review some of the precursor works of the Pasteurians in the field of bacterial toxins. The word "toxin" was coined in 1888 by Ludwig Brieger to qualify different types of poison released by bacteria. Pasteur had identified the bacteria as the cause of putrefaction but never used the word toxin. In 1888, Émile Roux and Alexandre Yersin were the first to demonstrate that the bacteria causing diphtheria was releasing a deadly toxin. In 1923, Gaston Ramon treated that toxin with formalin and heat, resulting in the concept of "anatoxin" as a mean of vaccination. A similar approach was performed to obtain the tetanus anatoxin by Pierre Descombey, Christian Zoeller and G. Ramon. On his side, Elie Metchnikoff also studied the tetanus toxin and investigated the cholera toxin. His colleague from Odessa, Nikolaï GamaleÏa who was expected to join Institut Pasteur, wrote the first book on bacterial poisons while other Pasteurians such as Etienne Burnet, Maurice Nicolle, Emile Césari, and Constant Jouan wrote books on toxins. Concerning the endotoxins, Alexandre Besredka obtained the first immune antiserum against lipopolysaccharide, and André Boivin characterized the biochemical nature of the endotoxins in a work initiated with Lydia Mesrobeanu in Bucharest.
Topics: Humans; Tetanus; Endotoxins; Tetanus Toxin; Bacteria; Poisons
PubMed: 36356009
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110759