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Annual Review of Virology Sep 2018Since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), paralytic cases associated with wild poliovirus (WPV) have fallen from ∼350,000 in 1988 to 22 in... (Review)
Review
Since the launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), paralytic cases associated with wild poliovirus (WPV) have fallen from ∼350,000 in 1988 to 22 in 2017. WPV type 2 (WPV2) was last detected in 1999, WPV3 in 2012, and WPV1 appeared to be localized to Pakistan and Afghanistan in 2017. Through continuous refinement, the GPEI has overcome operational and biological challenges far more complex and daunting than originally envisioned. Operational challenges had led to sustained WPV endemicity in core reservoirs and widespread dissemination to polio-free countries. The biological challenges derive from intrinsic limitations to the oral poliovirus vaccine: ( a) reduced immunogenicity in high-risk settings and ( b) genetic instability, leading to repeated outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses and prolonged infections in individuals with primary immunodeficiencies. As polio eradication enters its multifaceted endgame, the GPEI, with its technical, operational, and social innovations, stands as the preeminent model for control of vaccine-preventable diseases worldwide.
Topics: Communicable Disease Control; Disease Eradication; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Drug Stability; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 30001183
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041749 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Since "Global Polio Eradication Initiative" was launched by World Health Assembly in 1988, the incidence rate of polio has been reduced by more than 99%, and the whole...
Since "Global Polio Eradication Initiative" was launched by World Health Assembly in 1988, the incidence rate of polio has been reduced by more than 99%, and the whole world has entered a post polio era nowadays. China has been a polio free status recognized by World Health Organization for 22 years and most people believe that no more public health concerns need to be given. How is the population of polio survivors in China? What strategies of health economics and actions of public health for those with polio are ethically appropriate? This article, first of all, deeply summarizes and analyzes the history, current situation and unmet needs of population with polio sequelae and post-polio syndrome in China, and then, puts forward important issues faced by polio survivors who natural infected and who due to vaccine associated paralytic polio and vaccine derived poliovirus. The management of polio survivor is not only a medical and rehabilitation problem involving accessibility, accommodations, but also a public health issue, and most importantly, an ethical concern. Furthermore, from the perspective of ethics such as Justice and Cooperation, the author demonstrates the rationality and necessity of continuing to pay more attention to polio sequela cases at this stage in China. Finally, many valuable suggestions and practical recommendations are given.
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Global Health; World Health Organization; Public Health; China
PubMed: 36743171
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1076970 -
Journal of Environmental and Public... 2023Polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) are one of the polio eradication pillars in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) that increased the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) are one of the polio eradication pillars in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) that increased the immunization coverage and made progress towards polio eradication. However, socioecological challenges faced during SIAs contribute to suboptimal campaign quality. The aim of this review is to identify the reported challenges during polio supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) and associated improvement strategies based on the socioecological model (SEM).
METHODS
Articles were searched from three databases which were WOS, Scopus, and PubMed. The systemic review identified the primary articles related to SIA that focused on the impact of immunization coverage, challenges, and improvement strategies. The inclusion criteria were open access English articles that were published between 2012 and 2021 and conducted in the Asia region.
RESULTS
There are nine articles described and explained regarding some form of supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in their findings across Asia region. The majority of studies selected reported on post vaccination coverage and revealed a multifaceted challenge faced during SIAs which are widely diverse range from the microlevel of interpersonal aspects up to the macrolevel of government policy. Upon further analysis, the intervention at community level was the most dominant strategies reported during the SIA program.
CONCLUSIONS
An effective SIAs program provides the opportunity to increase the national capacity of the polio immunization program, reducing inequities in service delivery and offering additional public health benefits in controlling polio outbreaks in both endemic and nonendemic countries. Strengthening routine immunization (RI) programmes is also important for the sustainability of SIA's programs. Despite the challenges and hurdles, many Asian countries exhibited great political willingness to boost polio immunization coverage through SIA efforts.
Topics: Humans; Disease Eradication; Vaccination; Immunization; Asia; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 36747498
DOI: 10.1155/2023/4801424 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2016Transgenic mice (tg mice) that express the human poliovirus receptor (PVR), CD155, are susceptible to poliovirus and develop a neurological disease that resembles human...
Transgenic mice (tg mice) that express the human poliovirus receptor (PVR), CD155, are susceptible to poliovirus and develop a neurological disease that resembles human poliomyelitis. Assessment of the neurovirulence levels of poliovirus strains, including mutant viruses produced by reverse genetics, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, and vaccine candidates, is useful for basic research of poliovirus pathogenicity, the surveillance of circulating polioviruses, and the quality control of oral live poliovirus vaccines, and does not require the use of monkeys. Furthermore, PVR-tg mice are useful for studying poliovirus tissue tropism and host immune responses. PVR-tg mice can be bred with mice deficient in the genes involved in viral pathogenicity. This report describes the methods used to analyze the pathogenicity and immune responses of poliovirus using the PVR-tg mouse model.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Disease Models, Animal; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Mutation; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Receptors, Virus
PubMed: 26983733
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3292-4_7 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Jun 2024
Topics: Poliomyelitis; Humans; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Immunization Programs; Poliovirus Vaccines; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 38564755
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000004330 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Jan 2017Since the beginning of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (PV) have been drastically reduced, with only 74 cases... (Review)
Review
Since the beginning of Global Polio Eradication Initiative in 1988, poliomyelitis cases caused by wild poliovirus (PV) have been drastically reduced, with only 74 cases reported in 2 endemic countries in 2015. The current limited PV transmission suggests that we are in the endgame of the polio eradication program. However, specific challenges have emerged in the endgame, including tight budget, switching of the vaccines, and changes in biorisk management of PV. To overcome these challenges, several PV studies have been implemented in the eradication program. Some of the responses to the emerging challenges in the polio endgame might be valuable in other infectious diseases eradication programs. Here, I will review challenges that confront the polio eradication program and current research to address these challenges.
Topics: Communicable Disease Control; Disease Eradication; Global Health; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus
PubMed: 27795480
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2016.356 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014A renewed commitment at the regional and the global levels led to substantial progress in the fight for polio eradication in the African Region (AFR) of the World Health... (Review)
Review
A renewed commitment at the regional and the global levels led to substantial progress in the fight for polio eradication in the African Region (AFR) of the World Health Organization (WHO) during 2008-2012. In 2008, there were 912 reported cases of wild poliovirus (WPV) infection in 12 countries in the region. This number had been reduced to 128 cases in 3 countries in 2012, of which 122 were in Nigeria, the only remaining country with endemic circulation of WPV in AFR. During 2008-2012, circulation apparently ceased in the 3 AFR countries with reestablished WPV transmission-Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Chad. Outbreaks in West Africa continued to occur in 2008-2010 but were more rapidly contained, with fewer cases than during earlier years. This progress has been attributed to better implementation of core strategies, increased accountability, and implementation of innovative approaches. During this period, routine coverage with 3 doses of oral polio vaccine in AFR, as measured by WHO-United Nations Children's Fund estimates, increased slightly, from 72% to 74%. Despite this progress, challenges persist in AFR, and 2013 was marked by new setbacks and importations. High population immunity and strong surveillance are essential to sustain progress and assure that AFR reaches its goal of eradicating WPV.
Topics: Africa; Disease Eradication; Endemic Diseases; Humans; Incidence; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Topography, Medical; Vaccination
PubMed: 25316840
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu408 -
Communicable Diseases Intelligence... Jun 2023Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by...
Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System, and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2022, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.69 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, thereby meeting the WHO's performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. The non-polio enteroviruses coxsackievirus A2, coxsackievirus A6, coxsackievirus A10, echovirus 18, enterovirus A71 and enterovirus C96 were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia also performs enterovirus and environmental surveillance to complement the clinical system focussed on children. In 2022, thirty cases of wild poliovirus were reported from three countries (Afghanistan, Mozambique and Pakistan); 24 countries also reported cases of poliomyelitis due to circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus.
Topics: Child; Humans; Enterovirus; alpha-Fetoproteins; Australia; Disease Notification; Feces; Enterovirus Infections; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 37357179
DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2023.47.35 -
Revista Espanola de Salud Publica May 2020Vaccination has been one of the most effective preventive measures to reduce the number of diseases that affect humans. The primary objective of this study is to...
OBJECTIVE
Vaccination has been one of the most effective preventive measures to reduce the number of diseases that affect humans. The primary objective of this study is to describe the informative treatment of polio in the written press at a time when it was of great importance.
METHODS
From the digital newspaper archive of the ABC and La Vanguardia newspapers, all the information in which the concept "polio", published during the period between 1960 and 1975 was selected.
RESULTS
In total there have been 961 units of analysis, 557 for the ABC newspaper and 404, for La Vanguardia. The year of greatest publication was the year 1963, coinciding with the authorization for the use of the Sabin vaccine. The need to intensify vaccination campaigns is highlighted as the number of annual cases continued to increase.
CONCLUSIONS
There are no significant differences in the coverage of the newspaper ABC and La Vanguardia, following a pattern of publication very similar between them, where the Sabin vaccine appears as one of the most important scientific advances, thanks to which they allowed to protect children against to this dreaded disease, thus avoiding a major epidemic.
Topics: History, 20th Century; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Spain
PubMed: 32435052
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2022
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization Programs; Malawi; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 35257902
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.004