-
Journal of the History of the... 2022In most parts of the developed world today, the neurological diagnosis of poliomyelitis is discussed only as a historical curiosity. For decades an epidemic cause for... (Review)
Review
In most parts of the developed world today, the neurological diagnosis of poliomyelitis is discussed only as a historical curiosity. For decades an epidemic cause for lameness and paralysis in infected children, reported cases of polio plummeted following the introduction of effective vaccines against the causative virus in the 1950s and 1960s. Much has been written of the trials and successes of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, but little is generally known about how the disease was originally named. In an authoritative reference work on the (1971), John R. Paul attributed in passing the coining of the term "poliomyelitis" to the celebrated German clinician Adolf Kussmaul (1822-1902). Kussmaul is widely known to physicians today for several unrelated contributions, but none of his authorized biographers have mentioned his naming the disease. In this historical review article, we set out to verify the claim that Kussmaul coined the term "poliomyelitis," surveying in the process his broader contributions to neurology and medicine.
Topics: Child; Humans; Medicine; Movement Disorders; Neurology; Physicians; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 36112840
DOI: 10.1080/0964704X.2022.2112534 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Dec 2023A decrease in vaccine coverage in conflict-affected areas has placed Yemen at higher risk of polio outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strains.
PROBLEM
A decrease in vaccine coverage in conflict-affected areas has placed Yemen at higher risk of polio outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strains.
APPROACH
In response to polio outbreaks, the Yemeni health ministry and partners initiated multiple vaccination campaigns to deliver vaccines to children. We also implemented several measures to enhance communication, education, health promotion and hygiene, especially in camps for internally displaced people.
LOCAL SETTING
In 2009, Yemen achieved polio-free status and maintained it until 2019. However, the ongoing political conflict since 2015, coupled with challenges in delivering the polio vaccine to conflict-affected areas, resulted in two polio outbreaks: 35 cases caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strain 1 between 2019 and 2021, and 230 cases due to vaccine-derived poliovirus strain 2 between November 2021 and December 2022.
RELEVANT CHANGES
In response to the first outbreak, by the end of 2020, we vaccinated 7.2 million children through nationwide vaccination campaigns, except in Sa'ada governorate due to a ban by the authorities. By the end of 2021, 3 800 313 children younger than 5 years had received polio vaccines. For the second outbreak, by the end of 2022, 4 463 389 vaccines had been given to children younger than 10 years, and 1 217 423 to those younger than 5 years.
LESSONS LEARNT
Vaccination campaigns in conflict-affected areas with low vaccine coverage remain crucial in eradicating polio. Efforts are needed to reach vulnerable groups such as displaced populations. Advocacy, communication and social mobilization actions help ensure broader public inclusion and participation in vaccination efforts to prevent polio outbreaks.
Topics: Child; Humans; Yemen; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 38024246
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.23.290122 -
Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita 2016The global eradication of polio is close to achieving success. However, transmission of wild poliovirus persists in countries where the disease is endemic, and outbreaks... (Review)
Review
The global eradication of polio is close to achieving success. However, transmission of wild poliovirus persists in countries where the disease is endemic, and outbreaks may also occur in previously polio-free countries where population immunity is not maintained. To achieve polio eradication, several key actions are required: (1) to detect any poliovirus transmission, (2) to strengthen immunization systems and withdraw all oral polio vaccines from use, (3) to contain polioviruses and certify interruption of transmission, and (4) to sustain ongoing public health programs. In this context, residual hurdles to global polio eradication have been identified, from unstable political situation in affected countries to population movements from and to endemic areas, and opposition to immunization strategies. Global efforts are needed in order to promote routine immunization campaigns and large-scale vaccination rounds, which may provide direct protection of individuals and minimize virus circulation.
Topics: Endemic Diseases; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 27999213
DOI: 10.4415/ANN_16_04_01 -
The American Journal of Nursing Nov 2022Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These...
Editor's note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times. In August 1961, the incidence of polio was rising in and around Syracuse, New York, and oral polio vaccine had just been made available. In this article from AJN's May 1962 issue, Syracuse Department of Health director of nursing Alyce Rooney details the rapid planning that resulted in the administration of more than 400,000 polio vaccines over a period of just three days. In an incredible effort over less than two weeks, vaccine was obtained and repackaged, vaccination sites were secured, staff assignments were made, and the vaccines were given. After a high of 46 Syracuse-area polio cases in August, the number dropped to 18 in September and none in October. More than 50 years later, vaccine hesitancy has become a roadblock to today's vaccination campaigns. In this issue, research by Roberts and colleagues provides an understanding of vaccine hesitancy among nurses, which may inform the development of policies, campaigns, and interventions aimed at increasing nurse vaccination rates.-Betsy Todd, MPH, RN.
Topics: Female; Humans; Poliomyelitis; New York
PubMed: 36261905
DOI: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000897128.31545.8b -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Dec 2020Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been instrumental in controlling the polio epidemic, and stands out for its safety, efficacy, ease of oral administration, and low... (Review)
Review
Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has been instrumental in controlling the polio epidemic, and stands out for its safety, efficacy, ease of oral administration, and low cost. However, despite these advantages, as it is a live attenuated virus vaccine, there is the possibility of mutations that confer neurovirulence. Therefore, surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is important, whether associated with live vaccines (VAPP) or vaccine-derived viruses (VDPV). In this review we present important data from Latin America in recent years, where data on VDPV of community transmission, of ambiguous origin and associated with immunodeficiencies are reviewed. Due to the presence of VDPV, it is important to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance system for AFP, with data much lower than those recommended in recent years in the Americas. Additionally, it is essential to improve vaccination coverage to reduce the number of infants at risk of acquiring poliomyelitis. Consequently, we present the vaccination coverage rates with the inactivated vaccine against poliovirus (IPV) in the region and analyze the vaccination programs against poliomyelitis in accordance with the recommendations of the Latin American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE; minimum 3 doses of IPV) and the WHO Strategic Advisory Expert Group (SAGE) on Immunization (minimum 2 doses of IPV). The study concludes with recommendations from the authors for the change from OPV to exclusive use of IPV, to increase vaccination coverage and to strengthen surveillance for AFP in the region.
Topics: Child; Humans; Immunization Schedule; Infant; Latin America; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Vaccination
PubMed: 33844811
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182020000600701 -
Medecine Et Sante Tropicales 2014
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 25763421
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Pediatrics Aug 2016Poliomyelitis, a dreaded disease of the last century that had already crippled millions of people across the globe, is now on the verge of eradication thanks mainly to... (Review)
Review
Poliomyelitis, a dreaded disease of the last century that had already crippled millions of people across the globe, is now on the verge of eradication thanks mainly to two polio vaccines, inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and oral polio vaccine (OPV). Ever since their development in late 1950s and early 1960s, the journey of their early development process, clinical trials, licensure and ultimately widespread clinical use in different countries provide a fascinating tale of events. Oral polio vaccine has been the mainstay of global polio eradication initiative (GPEI) in most of the countries. With the advent of 'polio endgame', the focus has now shifted back to IPV. However, there are certain issues associated with global cessation of OPV use and universal implementation of IPV in routine immunization schedules across the globe that need to be dealt with some urgency, before proclaiming the global victory over polio.
Topics: Child; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; India; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 27771635
DOI: No ID Found -
Vaccine Jan 2022To describe in chronological detail Pakistan's decades long battle against poliovirus and evaluate the multiple factors impacting it.
BACKGROUND
To describe in chronological detail Pakistan's decades long battle against poliovirus and evaluate the multiple factors impacting it.
MAIN BODY
Pakistan's fight is documented through various published research articles and reports on Pakistan's progress in eradication of polio published by international agencies involved in elimination of poliovirus worldwide. The socioeconomic, religious, and political factors, violent religious militancy, conspiracy theories resulting in vaccine refusals are documented in detail emphasizing the ups and downs in the fight at different times since 1994 to present. Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only two countries in the world reporting cases caused by wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1) since 2017 and the only two countries that have never stopped the transmission of WPV1 Pakistan needs to work on a war footing to eliminate the disease. The need to act urgently is now being increasingly recognized by the Pakistani Government.
CONCLUSION
Many difficulties still remain. Pakistan has reached a critical stage in the fight against polio. The world will not accept any further delay or complacency as there is apprehension around the world that Pakistan may "export" polio to other countries and undermine the worldwide success in eradicating polio.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance; Vaccination
PubMed: 34955324
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.095 -
Cadernos de Saude Publica 2020This article's objective is to review the "state of the art" in the progress, obstacles, and strategies for achieving global polio eradication. Poliomyelitis control...
This article's objective is to review the "state of the art" in the progress, obstacles, and strategies for achieving global polio eradication. Poliomyelitis control measures began in the 1960s with the advent of two vaccines, the oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). From 1985 to 2020, strategies were implemented to reach the goal of eradication of wild poliovirus (WPV). Following the success with the interruption of indigenous WPV transmission in the Americas, the goal of global eradication was launched. We describe the process of eradication in four historical stages: (1) The advent of the inactivated and oral polio vaccines launched the age of poliomyelitis control; (2) The massive and simultaneous use of OPV had a significant impact on WPV transmission in the late 1970s in Brazil; (3) Domestic and international public policies set the goal of eradication of indigenous WPV transmission in the Americas and defined the epidemiological strategies to interrupt transmission; and (4) The implementation of eradication strategies interrupted indigenous WPV transmission in nearly all regions of the world except Pakistan and Afghanistan, where in 2020 the WPV1 transmission chains have challenged the strategies for containment of the virus. Meanwhile, the persistence and dissemination of circulation of OPV-derived poliovirus in countries with low vaccination coverage, plus the difficulties in replacing OPV with IPV, are currently the obstacles to eradication in the short term. Finally, we discuss the strategies for overcoming the obstacles and challenges in the post-eradication era.
Topics: Afghanistan; Brazil; Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 33146314
DOI: 10.1590/0102-311X00145720 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Mar 2016Polio is one out of 200 infections results to lasting paralysis, usually in the legs. The year 2014 has been the saddest year for the Pakistan when the World was about... (Review)
Review
Polio is one out of 200 infections results to lasting paralysis, usually in the legs. The year 2014 has been the saddest year for the Pakistan when the World was about to eliminate Polio from all over the World. In year 1994 Pakistan took the initiative to eliminate Polio from the country. The efforts were going well until 2005, when Pakistan was on the wedge to overcome the Disease. The hopes were high that soon Pakistan will become a polio-virus-free country, but the drone strikes in FATA and the rise of different militant groups as a reaction of the drone attacks in FATA made it difficult for the health workers to continue their vaccination campaigns in these areas. However various factors ruined the efforts made to eradicate Polio. In Pakistan, polio is widespread to three sections. These are Karachi, Quetta block (Quetta, Pishin and Killah Abdullah district) and FATA and Peshawar district. Numerous things are accountable for polio flourishing in these regions. These comprise near to the ground socioeconomic rank of the families, not having the knowledge concerning hazard caused by polio and disinformation by limited significant people concerning how polio vaccines fabricate damage. In 2014, only 3 countries in the world remain polio-endemic: Nigeria, Pakistan and Afghanistan. From year 2012-2014 the number of registered Polio cases is on rise contrary to rest of the other two Polio-endemic countries. In spite of the extensive work done by Polio workers the number of Polio cases has broken the 16 year record. The situation is getting worse because it can also be threatening to the rest of the World.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Endemic Diseases; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus Vaccines; Violence
PubMed: 26968287
DOI: No ID Found