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Malawi Medical Journal : the Journal of... Sep 2022
Topics: Humans; Malawi; Poliomyelitis; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36406100
DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i3.14 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus
PubMed: 37468140
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p1605 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2014The world is on the verge of achieving global polio eradication. During >25 years of operations, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has mobilized and trained... (Review)
Review
The world is on the verge of achieving global polio eradication. During >25 years of operations, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) has mobilized and trained millions of volunteers, social mobilizers, and health workers; accessed households untouched by other health initiatives; mapped and brought health interventions to chronically neglected and underserved communities; and established a standardized, real-time global surveillance and response capacity. It is important to document the lessons learned from polio eradication, especially because it is one of the largest ever global health initiatives. The health community has an obligation to ensure that these lessons and the knowledge generated are shared and contribute to real, sustained changes in our approach to global health. We have summarized what we believe are 10 leading lessons learned from the polio eradication initiative. We have the opportunity and obligation to build a better future by applying the lessons learned from GPEI and its infrastructure and unique functions to other global health priorities and initiatives. In so doing, we can extend the global public good gained by ending for all time one of the world's most devastating diseases by also ensuring that these investments provide public health dividends and benefits for years to come.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 25316878
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu345 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2016Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of... (Review)
Review
Pakistan is among the last three countries along with Afghanistan and Nigeria, where polio virus is still endemic. More or less, with some fluctuations, numbers of reported cases in the past few years have shown a rising trend. Year 2014 pushed the country into the deep sea of difficulties, as number of cases rose to red alert level of 328. Security situation has adversely affected the whole immunization coverage campaign. In a country where 40 polio vaccinators have been killed since 2012, such a big number of cases is not a surprising outcome. Worse perception of parents about polio vaccine as in Karachi and FATA, the high risk zones, makes 100% coverage a dream. Minor and perhaps delayed payments to polio workers make them frustrated, resulting in decline of trained manpower for vaccination. Strong implementation of policies is required and those found guilty of attack on polio workers need to be punished. Targeted community awareness programme, strong surveillance network, and involvement of influential religious entities can help to root out polio disease from country. Present review is aimed at analyzing all barriers on the road to success in eradication of polio from Pakistan.
Topics: Health Planning; Humans; Immunization Programs; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance; Risk Factors; Vaccination
PubMed: 27517055
DOI: 10.1155/2016/6837824 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023
Topics: Humans; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Global Health; Disease Eradication; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Immunization Programs; Poliovirus
PubMed: 38370100
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.41049 -
Vaccine Dec 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34862004
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.061 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Nov 2022On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years....
On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years. Although no cases of the disease or accompanying paralysis have been documented, the general public's risk is considered minimal. However, public health experts recommend that families are up to date on their polio vaccines to decrease the chance of harm. This article discusses the epidemiology of poliovirus by examining the aetiology of the disease and current mitigation policies implemented to prevent the spread of type 2 vaccine-deceived poliovirus in the UK. Finally, by examining the clinical features of polio, which range from mild gastroenteritis episodes, respiratory sickness, malaise and severe paralysis type, this article offers an advice on particular therapies and tactics to avoid poliovirus outbreaks and other future outbreaks.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus; Sewage; Poliomyelitis; Paralysis; United Kingdom
PubMed: 36126982
DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-142103 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... Jul 2022The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised to eradicate polio by 2000, yet the disease remains endemic in 2 countries. The current threat of resurgence in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised to eradicate polio by 2000, yet the disease remains endemic in 2 countries. The current threat of resurgence in countries with low vaccine coverage and circulating vaccinederived poliovirus (cVDPV) outbreaks due to oral polio vaccine warrants a strategy review.
AIMS
To review the performance of the GPEI from a context based in Pakistan, identifying threats to success and suggesting strategy modifications to help achieve eradication.
METHODS
This was a desk review of the effectiveness of GPEI that was launched in 1988 to eradicate polio by 2000. Subsequent failure to eradicate led to multiple iterations in strategy and planning documents. These documents were reviewed alongside relevant literature to explore the reasons for failure and emergence of cVDPV.
RESULTS
GPEI has been effective in reducing the global polio disease burden by > 99%, but it remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. cVDPV has caused multiple outbreaks since 2000, and caused 7 times more cases than wild poliovirus (WPV) globally in 2020. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 aimed to eradicate WPV and cVDPV simultaneously. In 2019, Pakistan saw an upsurge in WPV amid an outbreak of cVDPV infection that continued throughout 2020. Wild polio eradication was not realized and the country was unable to transition to inactivated polio vaccine as predicted in the strategic plan.
CONCLUSION
Over 20 countries now report cVDPV outbreaks and many others are at risk. A country-specific modified strategy is required to eradicate WPV and cVDPV simultaneously, more so in endemic countries.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 35959667
DOI: 10.26719/emhj.22.045 -
Muscle & Nerve Dec 2018Postpolio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by new muscle weakness and/or muscle fatigability that occurs many years after the initial poliomyelitis illness. Many theories... (Review)
Review
Postpolio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by new muscle weakness and/or muscle fatigability that occurs many years after the initial poliomyelitis illness. Many theories exist regarding the pathogenesis of PPS, which remains incompletely understood. In contrast, the late effects of poliomyelitis are often a consequence of biomechanical alterations that occur as a result of polio-related surgeries, musculoskeletal deformities, or weakness. Osteoporosis and fractures of the polio-involved limbs are common. A comprehensive clinical evaluation with appropriate investigations is essential to fulfilling the established PPS diagnostic criteria. PPS is a diagnosis of exclusion in which a key clinical feature required for the diagnosis is new muscle weakness and/or muscle fatigability that is persistent for at least 1 year. Electromyographic and muscle biopsy findings including evidence of ongoing denervation cannot reliably distinguish between patients with or without PPS. Muscle Nerve 58:751-759, 2018.
Topics: Biomechanical Phenomena; Electromyography; Humans; Muscles; Poliomyelitis; Postpoliomyelitis Syndrome
PubMed: 29752819
DOI: 10.1002/mus.26168 -
Journal of Medical Virology Mar 2023Polio cases can be missed by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case surveillance alone, emphasizing the importance of environmental surveillance (ES). In this study, to...
Polio cases can be missed by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) case surveillance alone, emphasizing the importance of environmental surveillance (ES). In this study, to investigate the serotype distribution and epidemiological trends of poliovirus (PV), we characterized PV isolated from domestic sewage in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China from 2009 to 2021. A total of 624 sewage samples were collected from the Liede Sewage Treatment Plant, and the positive rates of PV and non-polio enteroviruses were 66.67% (416/624) and 78.37% (489/624), respectively. After sewage sample treatment, each sewage sample was inoculated in six replicate tubes of three cell lines, and 3370 viruses were isolated during the 13-year surveillance period. Among these, 1086 isolates were identified as PV, including type 1 PV (21.36%), type 2 PV (29.19%), and type 3 PV (49.48%). Based on VP1 sequences, 1057 strains were identified as Sabin-like, 21 strains were high-mutant vaccines, and eight strains were vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). The numbers and serotypes of PV isolates in sewage were influenced by the vaccine switch strategy. After type 2 OPV was removed from the trivalent oral PV (OPV) vaccine and a bivalent OPV (bOPV) was adopted in May 2016, the last type 2 PV strain was isolated from sewage, with no detection thereafter. Type 3 PV isolates increased significantly and became the dominant serotype. Before and after the second vaccine switch in January 2020, that is, from the first dose of IPV and second-fourth doses of bOPV to the first two doses of IPV and third-fourth doses of bOPV, there was also a statistical difference in PV positivity rates in sewage samples. Seven type 2 VDPVs and one type 3 VDPV were identified in sewage samples in 2009-2021, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that all VDPVs isolated from ES in Guangdong are newly discovered VDPVs, different from VDPV previously discovered in China, and were classified as ambiguous VDPV. It is noteworthy that no VDPV cases were reported in AFP case surveillance in the same period. In conclusion, continued PV ES in Guangzhou since April 2008 has been a useful supplement to AFP case surveillance, providing an important basis for evaluating the effectiveness of vaccine immunization strategies. ES improves early detection, prevention, and control; accordingly, this strategy can curb the circulation of VDPVs and provide a strong laboratory basis for maintaining a polio-free status.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus; Sewage; Phylogeny; alpha-Fetoproteins; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliomyelitis; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 36905116
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28668